The Craftsmans and Freemasons Guide by Cornelius Moore

THE CRAFTSMAN,

AND FREEMASON'S GUIDE

The craftsman, and freemason's guide; containing a delineation of the rituals

of freemasonry, with the emblems and explanations so arranged as to greatly

facilitate in acquiring a knowledge of the rites and ceremonies of the several

degrees, from Entered apprentice to that of Select master... Comp. and

arranged by...by Cornelius Moore ...

Moore, Cornelius, b. 1806.

th ed.: ix, [10]‑302 p. incl. front., illus. (incl. music) 16 1/2cm.

Cincinnati, J. Ernst; Philadelphia, E. H. Butler, & co., 1851.

THE CRAFTSMAN, AND FREEMASON'S GUIDE; CONTAINING A DELINEATION

OF THE RITUALS OF FREEMASONRY, WITH THE EMBLEMS AND

EXPLANATIONS SO ARRANGED AS GREATLY TO FACILITATE IN ACQUIRING

A KNOWLEDGE OF THE RITES AND CEREMONIES OF THE SEVERAL

DEGREES, FROM ENTERED APPRENTICE TO THAT OF SELECT MASTER,

AND THE ORDER OF PRIESTHOOD. COMPILED AND ARRANGED FROM

WEBB, AND OTHER STANDARD AUTHORS:

BY

CORNELIUS MOORE,

Past Master of Lafayette Lodge, No."7, and Editor of the Masonic Review,

Cincinnati.

FOURTH EDITION.

CINCINNATI:

JACOB ERNST,

183 MAIN STREET, PHILADELPHIA: E. IT.

BUTLER & CO.,

23 MINOR ST.

1851.

Page IV

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1846, BY JACOB ERNST, In the Clerk's Office for the District Court of Ohio.

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CIRCLEVILLE, March 12th, 1846.

Having examined the manuscript pages of a work prepared by Bro. CORNELIUS MOORE, entitled, "THE CRAFTSMAN, AND FREEMASON'S GUIDE," I have no hesitation in commending it to the favorable consideration of the fraternity in Ohio, and elsewhere, as a useful, convenient, and compendious Text‑Book, for the use of Lodges and private brethren. It is a judicious compilation from standard masonic authors; and in point of the arrangement of its matter, is preferable in my estimation, to any work of the kind which has fallen under my observation. Especially in the hands of those upon whom devolve the active duties of the Lodge and Chapter, it will be found a ready and acceptable Manual of masonry. By the exclusion from its pages of much that is interesting chiefly to those of far‑reaching curiosity‑while all is retained that is necessary for the exemplification of our principles, or to aid in the practice of our rites‑the work is brought within a convenient compass, and is afforded at so low a price as to place it within the reach of every brother. W. B. THRALL, Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Ohio. We entirely concur in the above. SAMUEL REED, Grand Lecturer. ROBERT PUNSHON, G. Chaplain of the G. G. R. A. Chapter of the U. S.

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To the Officers and members of the Grand Lodge of the Most Ancient and Honorable Fraternity of Free and Accepted Mfasons of the State of Ohio:

BRETHREN ùThe high regard I entertain for you, individually and collectively, as Men and as Masons, and the valuable assistance rendered me in the preparation of the following Work by the M. W. Grand Master, and Grand Lecturer, have induced me, as a testimonial of my respect and gratitude, to dedicate to you this volume. Hoping that it may be found worthy of your approbation, and prove a benefit to our Ancient Fraternity every where, I am, respectfully, And Fraternally, Yours, C. MOORE.

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PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

WE have no apology to make in presenting the following compilation to the Masonic Fraternity. All agree that some work of the kind is needed at the present time. The great and constantly increasing accessions to our Order in the West, and the renewed attentions to our peculiar rites and ceremonies, have created a demand for a practical book. Webb's Monitor, which by many was considered the best of its kind, has long been out of print, and its truly excellent author sleeps in peace with his Fathers. One thing to be especially guarded against at the present time, is a variance in the practice of our rites, and the work of our Lodges and Chapters. Next to guarding the principles which impart vitality to our institution, and preserving unchanged the ancient landmarks of our Order, it is important to attain and preserve uniformity in thee mode of discharging the duties of the Lodge‑room. It was deemed by many that a book in which our emblems should be placed in juxtaposition with their explanations, and so arranged in the work itself as to serve as a guide to the memory, would aid in obtaining and perpetuating those desirable results. Still no one appeared to undertake tile task; and the Compiler of this book, distrusting his own qualifications, would have long hesitated, had not an esteemed friend, Brother SAMUEL REED, the excellent and indefatigable

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Viii PREFACE.

Grand Lecturer of the Grand Lodge and Grand Chapter of Ohio, expressed his willingness to aid in the undertaking. With this encouragement the Compiler commenced his labor, and devoted several months of close application to it, resorting for aid to the work of every approved masonic author, from Preston down, to which he could gain access. After going through and arranging the whole to the close of the Royal Arch degree, he submitted the result of his labors to the examination of Bro. REED, who made such alterations and corrections, as he deemed proper, in order that it might conform strictly to the mode of work in the several degrees as taught by him, and approved by the Grand Lodge, Grand Chapter, and Grand Council of Ohio. The manuscript was subsequently placed in the hands of WILLIAM B. THRALL, Esq., the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Ohio ‑" a workman that needeth not to be ashamed,"‑and also submitted to our venerable Companion, Rev. ROBERT PUNSHON, of this city, both of whom were pleased to give it the sanction of their approbation. It is proper here to say, that the part which treats of the Order of Priesthood, was arranged exclusively by Brother REED, as the Compiler has not had the honor of that Order. The Compiler does not suppose that the work is perfect; but he believes it will render efficient aid in acquiring a correct knowledge of our rites, and in discharging the duties of our Lodge and Chapter rooms.

Page IX

PREFACE. iX He knows that it is an easy matter for the critical and conceited to find fault‑far easier than to produce a work of this kind without faults. Such as it is, however, he submits to his Masonic Brethren.

COMPILER.

NOTE TO THE STEREOTYPE EDITION.

THE demand for this work having been such as to require several large editions in a few years, the publisher has been induced to stereotype it; and. in order that it may be as perfect as possible, the undersigned has called to his aid Brother SAMUEL REED, Past Grand Lecturer of the Grand Lodge of Ohio, at whose instance some useful improvements have been made. The whole work has been re‑examined, and a few errors that have heretofore escaped the Compiler's notice, have been corrected. The arrangement remains precisely the same as in former editions. Some additional illustrations have been added, and others have been re‑engraved and much improved. It is hoped that in its present matured condition it will fully meet the wants of those for whom it was originally compiled and arranged. As it has already received the approval of several Grand Lodges, and many distinguished Masons in different States, the undersigned trusts it may continue to deserve the patronage of the workmen in every apartment of our mystic building. C. MOORE. CINCINNATI, OHIO, October, 1850.

INDEX. PART FIRST.

CHAPTER I.

General Remarks................................. Page 17

CHAPTER II. Ceremonies of opening and closing a Lodge..............18

Charge at opening a Lodge............................21

A Prayer at closing a Lodge...........................22

Charge at closing a Lodge... 22

CHAPTER III. Instructions to a person wishing to become a Mason.....23

Form of Application..................................23

CHAPTER IV. ENTERED APPRENTICE'S DEGREE.............25

A Prayer at the initiation of a Candidate..... 26

Working Tools.......................28

Of Brotherly Love................................35

Of Relief.......................................35

Of Truth...........................................36

Of Temperance..................... 36

Of Fortitude........................................37

Of Prudence........................38

Of Justice................................. 38

Charge at the initiation into the First Degree..........39

CHAPTER V.

FELLOW CRAFT'S DEGREE.......................42

Working Tools of a Fellow Craft..43

Operative masonry.................................44

INDEX. 11 Speculative masonry........................... 45

Of the Globes............................ 46

Of Order ill Architecture........................... 47

The Tuscan.................................. 48

The Doric.................................... 49 The Ionic..........................................49 The Corinthian................................... 50 The Composite..............51 Of the Five Senses of Human Nature..............51 Hearing..............52 Seeing...........................................52 Feeling...........................................53 Smelling..............5................53 Tasting..........................................54 Of the Seven Liberal Arts and Sciences..........55 Grammar................................. 55 Rhetoric.........................................55 Logic.....................................56 Arithmetic.....................................56 Geometry........................................56 Music............................................57 Astronomy.58 Of the Moral Advantages of Geometry................59 Charge.........................................60 CHAPTER VI. MASTER MASON'S DEGREE........................62 General Relmaiks................................. 62 Working Tools of a Master Mason....................63 Funeral Dirge..................................64 Prayer.............................................66 The Three Steps....................................69 The Pot of Incense.................................70 The Bee‑Hive.........,........................70 Book of Constitutions guarded by the Tyler's Sword... 71 The Sword Pointing to a Naked Heart................72

2 INDEX. All‑Seeing Eye....................................72 The Anchor and Ark................................ 72 The Forty‑seventh Problem of Euclid.................73 The Hour Glass.....................................73 The Scythe........................................ 74 Charge...................................... 75 PART SECOND. CHAPTER I. MARK MASTER'S DEGREE.......................... 77 Charge to be read at opening.........................77 The Working Tools of a Mark Master................. 80 Charge.............................................81 Mark Master's Song................................83 CHAPTER II. PAST MASTER'S DEGREE.........................86 General Remarks...................8................86 Form of a Petition for a Charter or Warrant...........86 Ceremony of Constitution and Consecration...........88 Order of Procession.............................89 Services................................92........... Ceremony of Consecration...........................94 Ceremony of Installation.......................... 96 Investiture of the Master.......................... 99 To the Senior Warden..............................100 To the Junior Warden.......................... 101 To the Treasurer...........................1.....102 To the Secretary................................... 103 To the Senior and Junior Deacons...................103 To the Stewards.................................. 104 To the Tyler...................................104 To the Master................................. 105 To the Wardens..................................106

INDEX. 13 Installation Ode.................................108 Procession at Laying Foundation Stones............. 109 Ceremonies of Laying Foundation Stones.............111 Ceremonies at the Dedication of Free Mason's Halls...113 Funeral Service....................................117 Ceremonies at the Grave............................ 120 CHAPTER III. MOST EXCELLENT MASTER'S DEGREE..........126 Psalm read at opening.............................126 Most Excellent Master's Song.......................128 Charge..................................... 135 Psalm read at closing..............................135 CHAPTER IV. ROYAL ARCH DEGREE.....................136 Passage of Scripture read at opening.................137 Prayer at the Exaltation of a Royal Arch Mason......138 Remarks relative to Kinlg Solomon's Temlle..........149 Charge to a newly‑exalted Companion..............151 Closing Prayer.................................... 152 PART THIRD. ROYAL MASTER'S DEGREE...................... 153 SELECT MASTER'S DEGREE....................155 Psalm read at opening........................156 Charge to a Select Master..........................158 PART FOURTH. ORDER OF PRIESTHOOD.........................160 Ceremonies at the Installation of a Chapter of Royal Arch Masons...............................164 Prayer.............................................165

INDEX. Order. of Procession................................167 Investiture of the High Priest...................... 173 Charge to the King............................... 177 Charge to the Scribe............................ 179 Charge to the Captain of the Host...................180 Charge to the Principal Sojourner...................181 Charge to the Royal Arch Captain................. 182 Charge to the Master of the Third Veil............. 183 Charge to the Master of the Second Veil.......... 184 Charge to the Master of the First Veil.............. 184 Charge to the Three Masters of the Veils as Overseers. 185 Charge to the Treasurer...........................186 Charge to the Secretary...........................186 Charge to the Chaplain............................187 Charge to the Stewards........................188 Charge to the Tyler.......................... 189 Address to the High Priest........................ 190 Address to the Officers generally....................191 Address to the Chapter at large.....................192 Masonic Funeral Service adopted by the Grand Lodge of Ohio....................................... 194 General Directions.................................194 Order of Procession................................196 Services at the Lodge.....................197 Services at the Grave...............................200 Funeral Hymn.................................... 205 ANCIENT CONSTITUTIONS...................... 212 Of those who would be Free and Accepted Masons....212 Of God and Religion...............................212 Of Government and the Civil Magistrate............213 Of Private Duties..................................215 Of Pre‑requisites................................ 217 Instructions for the Candidate.......................217 Of Proposing Candidates.........................218 The Candidate............................... 219

INDEX. 15 Of a Lodge and its Government.....................220 Of a Lodge..................................... 220 Of Officers and Members in general..................221 Of the Master‑his Election, Office and Duty.........222 Of the Wardens of a Lodge........................ 224 Of the Secretary of a Lodge.........................226 Of the Treasurer of a Lodge........................226 Of the Deacons of a Lodge....................227 Of the Stewards of a Lodge.........................227 Of the Tyler of a Lodge............................228 Of the number to be Initiated.......................228 Of privileges in Lodges............................229 Of attendance on a Lodge.........................230 Of working....................................... 230 Of behaviour i in the Lodge.........................231 Of behaviour after the Lodge is closed...............232 Of behaviour of Masons in their Private Character....232 When a number of brethren happen to meet, without any stranger among them, and not in a Lodge....232 When in the presence of strangers...................233 When at home, and in your neighborhood............233 Of behaviour towards a foreign brother.............. 233 Of behaviour towards a brother, present or absent.... 234 Concerning differences and law‑suits.................234 Of Grand Lodges in general.........................236 Of the Election of Grand Master......................239 Of the Election or Appointment of D. G. Master.....240 Of the Grand Wardens.............................240 Of the Grand Secretary..........................241 Of the Grand Treasurer............................242 Of the Grand Tyler and Pursuivant...............243 General Rules for conducting business in the absence of the Grand Officers...................2.......243 Of Grand Visitations, &c..........................245 General Regulations of Ancient York Masons........246

INDEX. Regulations for the Government of the Grand Lodge, during the time of public business............... 259 ANCIENT CONSTITUTIONS.......................261 The Charges of a Free Mason.......................262 Concerning God and Religion....................... 263 Of the Civil Magistrate, Supreme and Subordinate....263 Of Lodges............................. 264 Of Masters, Wardens, Fellows, and Apprentices....... 265 Of the Management of of the Craft in Working........ 266 Of Behaviour......................... 268 In the Lodge while constituted....................268 Behaviour after the Lodge is over, and the brethren not gone....................................269 Behaviour when brethren meet without strangers, but not in a Lodge formed....................269 Behaviour in presence of strangers not Masons......270 Behaviour at home and in your neighborhood.......270 Behaviour towards a strange brother.........271 Postscript..............................273 General Regulations................................274 Postscript.........................................292 Approbation.......................................295 Form for a Dispensation............................298 Charge to a Grand Master at his Installation.........300 The Farewell...............................302

THE CRAFTSMAN.

PART FIRST.

CHAPTER I.

GENERAL REMARKS.

MASONRY is an art equally useful and extensive. In every part there is a mystery which requires a gradual progression of knowledge to arrive at any degree of perfection in it. Without much instruction, and more exercise, no man can be skilful in any art: in like manner, without an assiduous application to the various subjects treated of in the different lectures of Masonry, no person can be sufficiently acquainted with its true value. It must not, however, be inferred from this remark, that persons who labor under the disadvantages of a limited education, or whose condition in life requires a more intense application to business or study, are to be discouraged in their endeavors to gain a knowledge of Masonry. 2

PRELIMINARIES.

To qualify an individual to enjoy the benefit of the society at large, or to partake of its privileges, it is not absolutely necessary that he should be acquainted with all the intricate parts of the science. These are only intended for the diligent and assiduous Mason, who may have leisure and opportunity to indulge in such pursuits. Though some are more able than others, some more eminent, some more useful, yet all, in their different spheres, may prove advantageous to the community. As the nature of' every man's profession will not admit of that leisure which is necessary to qualify him to become an expert Mason, it is highly proper that the official duties of a Lodge should be executed by persons whose education and situation in life enable them to become adepts; as it must be allowed that all who accept offices and exercise authority should be properly qualified to discharge the task assigned them, with honor to themselves and credit to their respective stations.

CHAPTER II.

THE CEREMONY OF OPENING AND CLOSING THE LODGE.

IN all regular assemblies of men who are convened for wise and useful purposes, the commencement and conclusion of business are accompanied will some

PRELIMINARIES. 19

form. In every country the practice prevails, and is deemed essential. From the most remote periods of antiquity it may be traced, and the refined improvements of modern times have not totally abolished it. Ceremonies, when simply considered, it is true, are of but little value; but their effects are sometimes important. When they impress awe and reverence on the mind, and engage the attention to solemn rites by external attraction, they are interesting objects. These purposes are effected by judicious ceremonies, when regularly conducted and properly arranged. On this ground they have received the sanction of the wisest men in all ages, and consequently could not escape the notice of Masons. To begin well, is the most likely means to end well: and it is judiciously remarked, that when order and method are neglected at the beginning, they will be seldom found to take place at the end. The importance of performing the ceremony of opening and closing a Lodge with solemnity and decorum, is therefore universally admitted among Masons; and though the mode in some Lodges may vary, and in every degree must vary, still an uniformity in the general practice prevails in every Lodge; and the variation (if any) is solely occasioned by a want of method, which a little application might easily remove. To conduct this ceremony with propriety, ought to be the particular study of every Mason; especially of those who have the honor to rule in our assemblies. To persons who are thus dignified, every eye is natu

PRELIMINARIES.

rally directed for propriety of conduct and behaviour; and from them, other brethren who are less informed, will naturally expect an example worthy of imitation. From a share in this ceremony no Mason can be exempted. It is a general concern, in which all must assist. This is the first request of the Master and the prelude to all business. No sooner has it been signified, than every officer repairs to his station, and the brethren rank according to their degrees. The business of the meeting becomes the sole object of attention, and the mind is insensibly drawn from those indiscriminate subjects of conversation, which are apt to intrude on our less serious moments. This effect accomplished, our care is directed to the external avenues of the Lodge; and the proper officers, whose province it is to discharge that duty, execute their trust with fidelity, and by certain mystic forms, of no recent date, intimate that we may safely proceed. To detect imposters among ourselves, an adherence to order in the character of Masons ensues, and the Lodge is opened in solemn form. At opening the Lodge, two purposes are wisely effected: the Master is reminded of the dignity of his character, and the brethren of the homage and veneration due from them in their respective stations. These are not the only advantages resulting from a due observance of this ceremony; a reverential awe for the Deity is inculcated, and the eye fixed on that object, from whose radiant beams only, light can be derived.

PRELIMINARIES. 21

Here we are taught to adore the God of Heaven, and to supplicate his blessing on‑our well meant endeavors. The Master assumes his government in due form, and under him his Wardens, who accept their trust, after the customary salutations. The brethren then, with one accord, unite in duty and respect, and the ceremony concludes. At closing the Lodge a similar form is used. Here the less important duties of Masonry are not passed over unobserved. The necessary degree of subordination in the government of a Lodge is peculiarly marked, while the proper tribute of gratitude is offered up to the beneficent Author of life, and his blessing invoked upon the whole fraternity. Each brother faithfully locks up the treasure he has acquired, in his own secret repository; and, pleased with his reward, retires to enjoy and disseminate among the private circle of his brethren, the fruits of his labor and industry in the Lodge. These are faint outlines of a ceremony which universally prevails among Masons in every country, and distinguishes all their meetings. It is arranged as a general section in every degree, and takes the lead in all our illustrations.

CHARGE USED AT OPENING A LODGE.

Behold! how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity!

PRELIMINARIES.

It is like the precious ointment upon the head, that ran down upon the beard, even Aaron's beard, that went down to the skirts of his garments; As the dew of Hermon, and as the dew that descended upon the mountains of Zion; for there the Lord commanded the blessing, even life forever more.

A PRAYER USED AT CLOSING A LODGE.

May the blessing of Heaven rest upon us, and all regular Masons: may brotherly love prevail, and every moral and social virtue cement us. Amen. [NOTE.‑If a clergyman be present, he may be requested by the Master to lead in the devotion at opening and closing.]

CHARGE AT CLOSING A LODGE. BRETHREN: ‑

You are now about to quit this sacred retreat of friendship and virtue, to mix again with the world. Amidst its concerns and temptations, forget not the duties you have heard so frequently inculcated and so forcibly recommended in this Lodge. Be diligent, prudent, temperate, discreet. Remember that you have promised to befriend and relieve every brother who shall need your assistance: you have promised to remind him, in the most friendly manner, of his errors; and if possible, aid him in a reformation. These generous principles are to extend further. Every human being has a claim upon your kind offices. Do good unto all. Remember it more "especially to the household of the faithful." Finally, brethren, be ye all of one mind, live in peace, and may the God of love and peace delight to dwell with and bless you.

PRELIMINARIES. 23

CHAPTER II1.

INSTRUCTIONS TO A PERSON WISHING TO BECOME A MASON.

No person can become a Mason, consistently with the ancient and salutary usages of our order, unless he be free born, and, at least twenty‑one years of age; of a good moral character; temperate, industrious, charitable, and possessed of public spirit and the social virtues. He must be of sufficient natural endowments to be respectable, and must have, entire, all the faculties and senses of a man. He must also have an estate, office, trade, occupation, or some visible means of acquiring an honest livelihood, as becomes the members of this ancient and honorable fraternity. In short, he must have a sound head and a good heart, and be exempt from all those ill qualities and vices which bring dishonor to the craft. A person possessing the foregoing qualifications must be proposed, at his own voluntary request, by a friend' or acquaintance belonging to the Lodge of which he wishes to become a member, at least one meeting previous to the time of initiation. All applications for admission should be made in writing, in the following form: "To the Worshipful M~aster, Wardens and Brethren. of ‑ Lodge, NLo. ‑, of Free and Accepted.Masok: The petition of the subscriber respectfully sheweth, that, entertaining a favorable opinion of your ancient

PRELIMINARIES.

institution, he is desirous of being admitted a member thereof, if found worthy. His place oesidence is, his age ‑ years, his occupation Recommended byl (Signed) f A. B." Before admission, the candidate must assent to the following interrogatories:

"Do you seriously declare, upon your honor, that unbiassed by friends, and uninfluenced by mercenary motives, you freely and voluntarily offer yourself a candidate for the mysteries of Masonry?

"Do you seriously declare, upon your honor, that you are prompted to solicit the privileges of Masonry by a favorable opinion' of the institution, a desire for knowledge, and a sincere wish of being serviceable to your fellow creatures?

"Do you seriously declare, upon your honor, that you will conform to all the ancient established usages of the order?"

If there remain no objection, the candidate is introduced in due form. But he has a right, previous to presenting himself, to desire his friend to show him the warrant or dispensation by which the Lodge is held; which, if genuine, he will find to be an instrument written or printed upon paper or parchment, signed by some Grand Master or his Deputy, the Grand Wardens and Secretary, and sealed with the Grand Lodge Seal. He may also request the perusal of the Bylaws, and has a right to examine a complete list of the members, to learn whether the Lodge contains any member

ENTERED APPRENTICE. 25

with whom he cannot consistently and cordially associate. Should the candidate find the charter be genuine, the by‑laws salutary, and such as he can cheerfully observe; and should he be pleased with all the brethren of the Lodge, his wish to proceed is reported to the Master, who makes it known to the Lodge.

CHAPTER IV.

ENTERED APPRENTICE'S DEGREE.

THE first lecture of Masonry is divided into three sections, and each section into several clauses. Virtue is painted in the most beautiful colors, and the duties of morality are enforced. In it we are taught various useful lessons, to prepare the mind for a regular advancement in the principles of knowledge and philosophy. These are imprinted on the mind by lively and sensible hieroglyphical figures, which are here explained, and which have a moral tendency, and inculcate the practice of virtue. Section First. This part of the lecture of an Entered Apprentice unfolds our object in visiting the hall of Masonry; develops the justice of our pretensions to the privileges of the order; illustrates the manner of our reception

ENTERED APPRENTICE.

within the threshhold of a Lodge; reminds us of our dependence on the supporting hand of Deity; exhibits the pledge of her fidelity, secrecy, and conformity to immemorial masonic customs; opens our eyes to the light of knowledge; presents to our hearts the lovely purity of innocence; draws upon our affections by the silken cord of charity; and speculatively explains the implements of the degree.

A prayer used at the initiation of a candidate.

Vouchsafe thine aid, Almighty Father of the Universe, to this our present convention; and grant that this candidate for Masonry may dedicate and devote his life to thy service, and become a true and faithful brother among us! Endow him with a competency of thy divine wisdom, that, by the secrets of our art, he may be better enabled to display the beauties of brotherly love, relief, and truth, to the honor of thy holy name. Amen. Or this, O thou supreme Author of our being and lover of our souls; thou who art every where present, and knowest the thoughts and intentions of our hearts; bless us, we pray thee, in our endeavors to do good, and spread peace and concord and unity among our fellow men. May this our friend, who is now to become our brother, devote his life to thy service and his talents to thy glory. May he be endowed with wisdom to direct him in all his ways, strength to support him in all his difficulties, and the beauty of morality and virtue to adorn his life. May he set Thee constantly before his eyes, and seek thy approbation as his greatest treasure. May he become enlightened in the

ENTERED APPRENTICE. 27

knowledge of divine things, and be induced to love Thee from thy manifest love to him. And may he and we regulate our actions by the light of thy revealed truth, and so construct our spiritual edifice, that when done laboring as apprentices in this lower temple, we may be raised to the sublime employments of the upper sanctuary‑in that temple not made with hands, eternal in the heavens, whose builder and maker is God. Amen. Behold! how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity! &c. Toward the close of the section is explained that peculiar ensign of masonry, the lamb‑skin or white apron, which is an emblem of innocence and the badge of a Mason; more ancient than the golden fleece, or Roman eagle; and when worthily worn, more honorable than the star and garter, or any other order that could be conferred upon the candidate at that or any future period. It has been worn by kings, princes, and potentates of the earth, who have never been ashamed to wear it, and‑ which every one ought to wear with equal pleasure to himself and honor to the fraternity. This section closes with an explanation of the working tools of an Entered Apprentice, which are the twenty‑four inch gauge and the common gavel.

The twenty‑four inch gauge is an instrument made use of by operative masons, to measure and lay out their work; but we, as free and accepted Masons, are taught to make use of it for the more noble and glorious purpose of dividing our time. It being divided into twenty‑four equal parts is emblematical of the twenty‑four hours of the day, which we are taught to divide into three parts, whereby we find a portion for the service of God and the relief of a distressed worthy brother; a portion for our usual avocations, and a portion for refreshment and sleep. = 6[

The common gavel is an instrument made use of by operative masons, to break off the superfluous corners of rough stones, the better to fit them for the builder's use; but we, as free and accepted Masons, are taught to make use of it for the more noble and glorious purpose of divesting our minds and consciences of all the vices and superfluities of life; thereby fitting us, as living

29

stones, for that spiritual building, that house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens. Section Second. The second section rationally accounts for the ceremony of initiating a candidate into our ancient institution. * * * *. * * Every candidate, at his initiation, is presented with a lamb‑skin or white apron. The Lamb has, in all ages, e:a...been deemed an emblem of innocence; he, therefore, who wears the lamb‑skin as a badge of Masonry, is thereby continually reminded of that purity of life and conduct, which is essentially necessary to his gaining admission into the Celestial Lodge above, where the Supreme Architect of the Universe presides. * * * * * * Section Third. This section explains what constitutes a Lodge, and teaches us to perform with propriety, the duties of our respective stations. Here likewise, we receive instruction relative to the form, supports, covering, furniture, ornaments, lights and jewels of a Lodge; how it should be situated, and to whom dedicated. N XXIII

ENTERED APPRENTICE.

From East to West, and between the North and the South; Freemasonry extends; and in every clime are Masons to be found..... (Our institution is said to be supported by Wisdom, Strength, and Beauty, because it is necessary that their should be wisdom to contrive, strength to support, and beauty to adorn all great and important undertakings.

Its covering is no less than a clouded canopy ùor

ENTERED APPRENTICE. 31

starry‑decked heaven, where all good Masons hope at last to arrive, by the aid of the theological ladder, which Jacob, in his vision, saw ascending from earth to heaven; the three principlel rounds of which are denominated Faith, Hope, and Charity; and which admonish us to have faith in God, hope in immortality, and charity to all mankind. The greatest of these is Charity; for our Faith will be lost in sight, Hope ends in fruition, but Charity extends beyond the grave, through the boundless realms of eternity. Every well governed Lodge is furnished with the Holy Bible, square, and compasses. The Holy Bible is dedicated to God; the square to the Master; and the compasses to the Craft. The Bible is dedicated to God, because it is the inestimable gift of God to man, * * * * *; the square to the Master, because it is the

ENTERED APPRENTICE.

proper masonic emblem of his office, and should continually remind him of the duty that he owes to the Lodge over which he is elected to preside; and the compasses to the Craft, because by a due attention to their use, they are taught to circumscribe their desires, and keep their passions within due bounds. The ornaments of a Lodge are, the mosaic pavement, indented tessel, and the blazing star. The mnosaic pavement is a representation of the ground‑floor of king Solomon's temple; the indented tessel, of that beautifully tessellated border or skirting which surrounded it; and the blazing star in the center, is commemorative of that star which appeared to guide the wise men of the east to the place of our Saviour's nativity. The mosaic pavement is emblematical of human life, checkered with good and evil; the beautiful border whiclh surrounds it, of those manifold blessings and comforts that surround us‑and which we hope to enjoy, by a faithful reliance on Divine Providence, which is hieroglyphically represented by the blazing star in the center. * * * * *

ENTERED APPRENTICE. 33

The immoveable and moveable jewels also claim our attention in this section. The rough ashier is a stone as taken from the quarry in its rude and natural state. The perfect ashier is a stone made ready by the hands of the workmen to be adjusted by the working tools of the Fellow‑craft. The trestle board is for the master workman to draw his designs upon. el

ENTERED APPRENTICE.

By the rough ashler we are reminded of our rude and imperfect state by nature; by the perfect ashier, of that state of perfection at which we hope to arrive by a virtuous education, our own endeavors, and the blessing of God; and by the trestle board we are also reminded that, as the operative workman erects his temporal building agreeably to the rules and designs laid down by the Master on his trestle board, so should we, both operative and speculative, endeavor to erect our spiritual building agreeably to the rules and designs laid down by the Supreme Architect of the Universe, in the great book of revelation, which is our spiritual, moral, and masonic trestle board. Lodges were anciently dedicated to king Solomon as it is said he was the first Most Excellent Grand. Master; but Masons professing Christianity dedicate theirs to St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist, who were two eminent Christian patrons of masonry; and since their time, there is, or ought to be represented, in every regular and well‑governed Lodge, a certain point within a circle; the point representing an individual brother; the circle, the B. 1E boundary line of his conduct, beyond which he is never to suffer his preju

ENTERED APPRENTICE. 35 dices or passions to betray him. This circle is embordered by two perpendicular parallel lines, representing St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist; and upon the top rests the Holy Scriptures. In going round this circle, we necessarily touch upon these two lines, as well as upon the Holy Scriptures; and while a Mason keeps himself circumscribed within their precepts, it is impossible that he should materially err. * * * ** M * OF BROTHERLY LOVE. By the exercise of brotherly love, we are taught to regard the whole human species as one family, the high and low, the rich and poor, who, as created by one Almighty Parent, and inhabitants of the same planet, are ‑to aid, support, and protect each other. On this principle, Masonry unites men of every country, sect and opinion, and conciliates true friendship among those who might otherwise have remained at a perpetual distance. OF RELIEF. To relieve the distressed, is a duty incumbent on all men; but particularly on Masons, who are linked together by an indissoluble chain of sincere affection. To soothe the unhappy, to sympathise with their misfortunes, to compassionate their miseries, and to restore peace to their troubled minds, is the grand aim we have in view. On this basis we form our friendships and establish our connexions.

ENTERED APPRENTICE. OF TRUTH. Truth is a divine attribute, and the foundation of every virtue. To be good and true, is the first lesson we are taught in masonry. On this theme we contemplate, and by its dictates endeavor to regulate our conduct; hence, while influenced by this principle, hypocrisy and deceit are unknown amongst us, sincerity and plain dealing distinguish us, and the heart and tongue join in promoting each other's welfare, and rejoicing at each other's prosperity. To this illustration succeeds an explanation of the four cardinal virtues‑temperance, fortitude, prudence, and justice. OF TEMPERANCE. Temperance is that due restraint upon our affections and passions, which renders the body tame and governable, and frees the mind from the allurements of vice. This virtue should be the constant |, ~]~ m, k practice of every Mason, as he is thereby taught to avoid excess, or contracting any licentious or vicious habit, the ‑ indulgence of which might

ENTERED APPRENTICE. 37

lead him to disclose some of those valuable secrets which he has promised to conceal and never reveal, and which would consequently subject him to the contempt and detestation of all good Masons. * * OF FORTITUDE. Fortitude is that noble and steady purpose of the mind, whereby we are enabled to undergo any pain, peril, or danger, when prudentially deemed expedient. This virtue is equally distant from rashness and cowardice; and like the former, 11> I'~should be deeply impressed upon i A \ the mind of every Mason, as NA‑_ 01AA, a safe‑guard or security against any illegal attack that may be made, by force or otherwise, to extort from him any of those secrets with which he has been so solemnly entrusted; and which virtue was emblematically represented upon his first admission into the Lodge. * ~t* * * m*‑ * * * *k

ENTERED APPRENTICE. OF PRUDENCE. Prudence teaches us to regulate our lives and actions agreeably to the dictates of reason, and is that habit by which we wisely judge, and prudentially determine, on all things relative to our present, as well as our future happiness. This virtue should be the particular characteristic of every Mason, not only while in the Lodge, but also when abroad in the world; it should be particularly attended to in all strange or mixed companies, never to let fall the least sign, token, or word, whereby the secrets of masonry might be unlawfully obtained. * * * OF JUSTICE. Justice is that standard or boundary of right, which enables us to render to every man his just due without distinction. This virtue is not only consistent with divine and human law, but is the very cement and support f civil society; and, as justice in a great measureg constitutes the real good man, so should it be the invariable practice of every Mason never to deviate from the minutest principles thereof. * *

ENTERED APPRENTICE. 39 The illustration of these virtues is accompanied with some general observations peculiar to Masons. Such is the arrangement of the different sections in the first lecture, which, with the forms adopted at the opening and closing of a Lodge, comprehend the whole of the first degree of masonry. The whole is a regular system of morality; conceived in a strain of interesting allegory, which must unfold its beauties to the candid and industrious enquirer. Charge at Initiation into the First Degree. Brother‑As you are now introduced into the first principles of masonry, I congratulate you on being accepted into this ancient and honorable order; ancient, as having existed from time immemorial; and honorable, as tending in every particular so to render all men who will conform to its precepts. No human institution was ever raised on a better principle, or more solid foundation; nor were ever more excellent rules and useful maxims laid down than are inculcated in the several masonic lectures. The greatest and best of men in all ages have been encouragers and promoters of the art, and have never deemed it derogatory to their dignity to level themselves with the fraternity, extend their privileges, and patronize their assemblies. There are three great duties, which, as a Mason, you are srictly to observe and inculcate to God, your neighbor, and yourself. To God in never mentioning his name but with that reverential awe which is due

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from a creature to his Creator; to implore his aid in all your laudable undertakings, and to esteem Him as your chief good. To your neighbor, in acting upon the square, and doing unto him as you would he should do unto you: and to yourself, in avoiding all irregularity and intemperance, which may impair your faculties, or debase the dignity of your profession. A zealous attachment to these duties will insure public and private esteem. In the State you are to be a quiet and peaceable citizen, true to your government, and just to your country; you are not to countenance disloyalty or rebellion, but patiently submit to legal authority and conform with cheerfulness to the government of the country in which you live. In your outward demeanor be particularly careful to avoid censure or reproach. Let not interest, favor or prejudice, bias your integrity, or influence you to be guilty of a dishonorable action. And although your frequent appearance at our regular meetings is earnestly solicited, yet it is not meant that masonry should interfere with your necessary avocations, for these are on no account to be neglected: neither are you to suffer your zeal for the institution to lead you into arguments with those who, through ignorance, may ridicule it. But, at your leisure hours, that you may improve in masonic knowledge, you are to converse with wellinformed brethren, who will be always as ready to give, as you will be ready to receive instruction.

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ENTERED APPRENTICE. 41 Finally‑keep sacred and inviolable the mysteries of the crder, as these are to distinguish you from the rest of the community and mark your consequence among Masons. If, in the circle of your acquaintance, you find a person desirous of being initiated into masonry, be particularly careful not to recommend him, unless you are convinced he will conform to our rules; that the honor, glory, and reputation of the institution may be firmly established, and the world at large convinced of its good effects. If the candidate be a Clergyman, add the following: You, brother, are a preacher of that religion, of which the distinguishing characteristics are universal benevolence and unbounded charity. You cannot, therefore, but be fond of the order, and zealous for the interests of Freemasonry, which, in the strongest manner, inculcates the same charity and benevolence, and which, like that religion, encourages every moral and social virtue; which introduces peace and good will among mankind, and is the center of union to those who otherwise might have remained at a perpetual distance. So that whoever is warmed with the spirit of christianity, must esteem, must love Freemasonry. Such is the nature of our institution, that, in all our Lodges, union is cemented by sincere attachment, hypocrisy and deceit are unknown, and pleasure is reciprocally communicated, by the cheerful observance of every obliging office. Virtue, the grand object in view,

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luminous as the meridian sun, shines refulgent on the mind, enlivens the heart, and converts cool apprQb9tion into warm sympathy and cordial affection. Though every man, who carefully listens to the dictates of reason, may arrive at a clear persuasion of the beauty and necessity of virtue, both public and private, yet it is a full recommendation of a society to have these pursuits continually in view, as the sole objects of their association: and these are the laudable bonds which unite us in one indissoluble fraternity. CHAPTER V. FELLOW CRAFT'S DEGREE. Section First. THE first section of the second degree accurately elucidates the mode of instruction into that particular class; and instructs the diligent craftsman how to proceed in the proper arrangement of the ceremonies used on the occasion. The knowledge of this section is absolutely necessary for all craftsmen; and as it recapitulates the ceremony of initiation, and contains many other important particulars, no officer or member of a Lodge should be unacquainted with it.

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The following passage of Scripture is here introduced: "Thus he showed me; and, behold the Lord stood upon a wall made by a plumb‑line, with a plumb‑line, in his hand. And the Lord said unto me, Amos, what seest thou? And I said, a plumb‑line. Then said the Lord, Behold, I will set a plumb‑line in the midst of my people Israel: I will not again pass by them any more." Amos, vii. 7, 8. The working tools of a fellow craft are here explained ‑they are the plumb, square, and level.

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The plumb is an instrument made use of by operative masons, to raise perpendiculars; the square, to square their work; and the level, to lay horizontals. But we, as free and accepted Masons, are taught to make use of them for more noble and glorious purposes; the plumb admonishes us to walk uprightly in our several stations before God and man; squaring our actions by the square of virtue, and remembering that we are travelling upon the level of time, to "that undiscovered country, from whose bourne no traveller returns." Section Second. The second section of this degree refers to the origin of the institution, and views masonry under two denominations‑operative and speculative. By operative masonry, we allude to a proper application of the useful rules of architecture, whence a structure will derive figure, strength and beauty; and whence will result a due proportion and a just correspondence in all its parts. It furnishes us with dwel ù lings and convenient shelters from the vicissitiudes,aid inclemencies of the seasons; and while it displays the

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effects of human wisdom, as well in the choice, as in the arrangement, of the sundry materials of which an edifice is composed, it demonstrates that a fund of science and industry is implanted in man for the best, most salutary, and beneficent purposes. By speculative masonry, we learn to subdue the passions, act upon the square, keep a tongue of good report, maintain secrecy and practice charity. It is so far interwoven with religion, as to lay us under obligations to pay that rational homage to the Deity, which at once constitutes our duty and our happiness, It leads the contemplative to view with reverence and admiration the glorious works of creation, and inspires him with the most exalted ideas of the perfections of his divine Creator. In six days God created the heavens and the earth, and rested on the seventh day; the seventh, therefore, our ancient brethren consecrated as a day of rest from their labors; thereby enjoying frequent opportunities to contemplate the glorious works of creation, and to adore their great Creator. Peace, Unity, and Plenty are here introduced and explained. The doctrine of the spheres is included in the science of astronomy, andcparticularly considered in this section.

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The globes are two artificial spherical bodies, on the convex surface of which are represented the countries, seas, and various parts of the earth; the face of the heavens, the planetary revolutions, and other particulars. The sphere with the parts of the earth delineated on its surface, is called the terres t' Iote; and that with the constellations and other ly bodies, the celestial globe.

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FELLOW CRAFT. 47 Their principal use, besides serving as maps to distinguish the outward parts of the earth and the situation of the fixed stars, is to illustrate and explain the phenomena arising from the annual revolution, and the diurnal rotations of the earth round its own axis. They are the noblest instruments for improving the mind, and giving it the most distinct idea of any problem or proposition, as well as enabling it to solve the same. Contemplating these bodies, we are inspired with a due reverence for the Deity and his works, and are induced to encourage the studies of astronomy, geography, navigation, and the arts dependent on them, by which society has been so much benefitted. lUUil 1}l|{{itllllalilg m1T 1 10 ffi The orderi decture come under consideration in this section; a brief description of them may therefore not be improper.

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By order in architecture, is meant a system of all the members, proportions and ornaments of columns, and pilasters; or, it is the regular arrangement of the projecting parts of a building, which, united with those of a column, form a beautiful, perfect, and complete whole. From the first formation of society, order in architecture may be traced. When the rigor of the seasons obliged men to contrive shelter from the inclemency of the weather, we learn that they first planted trees on end, and then laid others across to support a covering. The bands which connected those trees at top and bottom, are said to have given rise to the idea of the base and capital of pillars; and from this simple hint originally proceeded the more improved art of architecture. The five orders are thus classed‑the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite. THE TUSCAN Is the most simple and solid of the five orders. It was invented in Tuscany, whence it derived its name. Its column is seven diameters high; and its capital, base, and entablature have but few mouldings. The simplicity of the construction of this column renders it eligible, where ornament would be,superfluous.

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THE DORIC, Which is the most plain and natural, is the most ancient, and was invented by the Greeks. Its column is eight diameters high, and has seldom any ornaments on base or capital, except mouldings; though the frieze is distinguished by tryglyphs and metopes, and tryglyphs compose the ornaments of the frieze. The solid composition of this order gives it a preference in structures where strength and a noble simplicity are chiefly required. The Doric is the best proportioned of all the orders. The several parts of which it is composed are founded on the natural position of solid bodies. In its first invention it was more simple than in its present state. In after‑times, when it began to be adorned, it gained the name of Doric; for when it was constructed‑ in its primitive and simple form, the name of Tuscan was conferred on it. Hence the Tuscan precedes the Doric in rank, on account of its resemblance to that pillar in its original state. THE IONIC Bears a kind of mean proportion between the more solid and delicate orders. Its column is nine diameters high; its capital is adorned with volutes, and its cornice has dentals. There is both delicacy and ingenuity displayed in this pillar; the invention of which is attributed to the Ionians, as the 4famous temple of Diana at Ephesus was of

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this order. It is said to have been formed after the model of an agreeable young woman, of an elegant shape, dressed in her hair, as a contrast to the Doric order, which was formed after that of a strong robust man. TIIE CORINTHIAN,' ~ ~ The richest of the five orders, is deemed a master‑piece of art. Its column is ten diameters high, and its capital is adorned with two rows of leaves, and eight volutes, which sustain the abacus. The frieze is ornamented with various devices, the cornice with dentals and modillions. This order is used in stately and useful structures. It was invented at Corinth, by Callimachus, who is said to have taken the hint of the capital of this pillar from the following' remarkable circumstance: Accidentally passing by the tomb of a young lady, he perceived a basket of toys covered with a tile, placed over an acanthus root, having been left there by her nurse. As the branches grew up, they encompassed the basket, till,:arriving at the tile, they met with an obstruction, and bent downwards. Callimachus struck with the object, set about imitating the figure; the vase of the capital he made to represent the basket; the abacus the tile; and the volutes the bending leaves.

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THE COMPOSITE Is compounded of the other orders, and was contrived by the Romans. Its capital has the two rows of leaves of the Corinthian, and the volutes of the Ionic. Its column has the quarter‑rounds, as the Tuscan and Doric orders, is ten diameters high, and its cornice has dentals, or simple modillions. This pillar is found in buildings where strength, elegance and beauty are displayed. The ancient arid original orders of architecture, revered by Masons, are no more than three‑the DORIC, IONIC, and CORINTHIAN, which were invented by the Greeks. To these the Romans have added two‑the Tuscan, which they made plainer tha~i the Doric; and the Composite, which was more ornamental, if not more beautiful, than the Corinthian. The first three orders alone, however, show invention and particular character, and essentially differ from each other; the two others have nothing but what is borrowed, and differ only accidentally. The Tuscan is the Doric in its earliest state; and the Composite is the Corinthian enriched with the Ionic. To the Greeks, therefore, and not to the Romans, we are indebted for what is great, judicious, and distinct in architecture. OF THE FIVE SENSES OF HUMAN NATURE. An analysis of the human faculties is next given in

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this section, in which the five external senses particularly claim attention; these are‑hearing, seeing, feeling, smelling and tasting. HEARING Is that sense by which we distinguish sounds, and are capable of enjoying all the agreeable charms of music. By it we are enabled to enjoy the pleasures of society, and reciprocally to communicate to each other our thoughts and intentions, our purposes and desires; while thus our reason is capable of exerting its utmost power and energy. The wise and beneficent Author of Nature intended, by the formation of this sense, that we should be social creatures, and receive the greatest and most important part of our knowledge by the information of others. For these purposes we are endowed with hearing, that, by a proper exertion of our natural powers, our happiness may be complete. SEELING Is that sense by which we distinguish objects, and in an instant of time, without change of place or situation, view armies in battle array, figures of the most stately structures, and all the agreeable variety displayed in the landscape of nature. By this we find our way in the pathless ocean, traverse the globe of earth, determine its figure and dimensions, and delineate any region or quarter of it. By it we measure the planetary orbs,

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and make new discoveries in the sphere of the fixed stars. Nay, more‑by it we perceive the tempers and dispositions, the passions and affections, of our fellow creatures, when they wish most to conceal them; so that, though the tongue may be taught to lie and dissemble, the countenance would display the hypocrisy to the discerning eye. In fine, the rays of light which administer to this sense, are the most astonishing parts of animated creation, and render the eye a peculiar object of admiration. Of all the faculties, sight is the noblest. The structure of the eye and its appurtenances, evince the admirable contrivance of nature for performing all its various exterrial and internal motions; while the variety displayed in the eyes of different animals, suited to their several ways of life, clearly demonstrates this organ to be the master‑piece of nature's work. FEELING Is that sense by which we distinguish the different qualities of bodies‑such as heat and cold, hardness and softness, roughness and smoothness, figure, solidity, motion, and extension. These three senses hearing, seeing, and feeling are deemed peculiarly essential among Masons. SMELLING Is that sense by which we distinguish odors, the various kinds of which convey different impressions to

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the mind. Animal and vegetable bodies, and indeed most other bodies, while exposed to the air, continually send forth effluvia of vast subtlety, as well in a state of life and growth, as in a state of fermentation and putrefaction. These effluvia, being drawn into the nostrils along with the air, are the means by which all bodies are smelled. Hence it is evident that there is a manifest appearance of design in the great Creator's having planted the organ of smell in the inside of that canal, through which the air continually passes in respiration. TASTING Enables us to make a proper distinction. in the choice of our food. The organ of this sense guards the entrance of the alimentary canal, as that of smelling guards the entrance of the canal for respiration. From the situation of both these organs, it is plain that they were intended by nature to distinguish wholesome food from that which is nauseous. Every thing that enters into the stomach must undergo the scrutiny of tasting; and by it we are capable of discerning the changes which the same body undergoes in the different compositions of art, cookery, chemistry, pharmacy, &c. Smelling and tasting are inseparably connected, and it is by the unnatural kind of life men commonly lead in society, that these senses are rendered less fit to perform their natural offices. On the mind all our knowledge must depend; what,

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therefore, can be a more proper subject for the investigation of Masons? By anatomical dissection and observation, we become acquainted with the body; but it is by the anatomy of the mind alone we discover its powers and ‑principles. To sum up the whole of this transcendent measure of God's bounty to man, we shall add, that memory, imagination, taste, reasoning, moral perception, and all the active powers of the soul, present a vast and boundless field for philosophical disquisition, which far exceeds human inquiry, and are peculiar mysteries, known only to nature and nature's God, to whom we are all indebted for creation, preservation, and every blessing we enjoy. OF THE SEVEN LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENCES. The seven liberal arts and sciences are illustrated in this section, which are‑Grammar, Rhetoric, Logic, Arithmetic, Geometry, Music, and Astronomy. GRAMMAR. Grammar teaches the proper arrangement of words, according to the idiom or dialect of any particular people; and that excellency of pronunciation, which enables us to speak or write a language with accuracy, agreeably to reason and correct usage. RHETORIC. Rhetoric teaches us to speak copiously and fluently on any subject, not merely with propriety alone, but

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with all the advantage of force and elegance; wisely contriving to captivate the hearer by strength of argument and beauty of expression, whether it be to entreat and exhort, to admonish or approve. LOGIC. Logic teaches us to guide our reason discretionally in the general knowledge of things, and directs our inquiries after truth. It consists of a regular train of argument, whence we infer, deduce, and conclude, according to certain premises laid down, admitted, or granted; and in it are employed the faculties of conceiving, judging, reasoning, and disposing; all of which are naturally led on from one gradation to another, till the point in question is finally determined. ARITHMETIC. Arithmetic teaches the powers and properties of numbers, which is variously effected‑by letters, tables, figures and instruments. By this art, reasons and demonstrations are given for finding out any certain numbers, whose relation or affinity to another is already known or discovered. GEOMETRY. Geometry treats of the powers and properties of magnitudes in general, where length, breadth and thickness are considered, from a point to a line, from a linbi to a superfices, and from a superfices to a solid.

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A point is a dimensionless figure; or an indivisible part of space. A line is a point continued, and a figure of one capacity, namely, length. A superfices is a figure of two dimensions, namely, length and breadth. A solid is a figure of three dimensions, namely, length, breadth and thickness. By this science the architect is enabled to conduct his plans, and execute his designs‑the general to arrange his soldiers‑the engineer to mark out ground for encampments‑the geographer to give us the dimensions of the world, and all things therein contained; to delineate the extent of seas, and specify the divisions of empires, kingdoms and provinces‑by it, also, the astronomer is enabled to make his observations, and to fix the duration of seasons, years and cycles. In fine, geometry is the foundation of architecture and the root of the mathematics. MUSIC. Music teaches the art of forming concords, so as to compose delightful harmony, by a mathematical and proportional arrangement of acute, grave and mixed sounds. This art, by a series of experiments, is reduced to a demonstration, with respect to tones and the intervals of sounds; inquires into the nature of concords and discords,, and enables us to find out the proportion between them by numbers.

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ASTRONOMY. Astronomy is that divine art by which we are taught to read the wisdom, strength, and beauty of the Almighty Creator, in those sacred pages, the celestial hemisphere. Assisted by astronomy, we can observe the motions, measure the distances, comprehend the magnitudes, and calculate the periods and eclipses of the heavenly bodies. By it we learn the use of the globes, the system of the world, and the preliminary law of nature. ‑While we are employed in the study of this science, we must perceive unparalleled instances of wisdom and goodness, and, through the whole creation, trace the glorious Author by his works. Here an emblem of plenty is introduced and explained. CORN. WINE. OIL.

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OF THE MORAL ADVANTAGES OF GEOMETRY. Geometry, the first and noblest of sciences, is the basis upon which the superstructure of masonry is erected. By geometry we may curiously trace nature, through her various windings, to her most concealed recesses. By it we discover the power, the wisdom, and the goodness of the Grand Artificer of the Universe, and view with delight the proportions which connect this vast machine. By it we discover how the planets move in their different orbits, and demonstrate their various revolutions. By it we account for the return of the seasons, and the variety of scenes which each season displays. to the discerning eye. Numerous worlds are around us, all formed by the same Divine Artist, and which roll through the vast expanse, and are all conducted by the same unerring law of nature. A survey of nature, and the observation of her