Dedicated
to
W. Bro. Richard Roberts
Warrior, Brother, Friend and Mentor
Freemasonry is a topic which is encompassed by literally tens of thousands of books and hundreds of years of tradition. Thus, it is naïve to expect the entirety of the “Craft” to be expressed between two covers.
Freemasonry evolved from a time when such a society would attract inquisitors, dungeon masters and executioners. Whether one cares to cite simple obscurity or true secrecy, Freemasonry emerged from a bizarre set of shadows; it is NOT a secret society.
What you read here is an effort to concisely present not only the essence of Freemasonry, but also an understanding as to the function of Freemasonry in its role of a social enigma, as well as a functioning social and charitable unit in the world’s cultures.
Freemasonry maintains a low profile, for a variety of reasons, primarily to evade the power lust of obsessive-compulsive detractors. In the United States, at the time of this writing, the various units of Freemasonry contribute approximately two million dollars per day to charities, which are characterized by their direct application to the needy, versus an income source for the charity managers.
Beyond being a social outlet, Freemasonry maintains a standard of morality in time. So often the world witnesses a set of rationalizations which attempt to subvert morality for various reasons from raw emotionalism to the seizure of money and power. Thus, the fraternity provides an independent and perpetual barometer for moral standards.
However, from a time when the intrigue of Freemasonry served as a magnet, to the present, the fraternity is waning in numbers. Thus, much of the essence of the fraternity seems to have been lost in time itself. This work attempts to explain the essence of the fraternity and provide a perspective on the true nature of the organization.
THE ENIGMA OF FREEMASONRY
INTRODUCTION.
Ironically, Freemasonry today is a fraternity deserving of fame as a huge charity source, as opposed to its unfortunate and more common ‘darker’ image as a "secret society." While the "Craft" employs the element of intrigue, by emulating a variety of supposed secrecy, city libraries and the internet are quite clear as to the lack of secrecy. Approximately 60,000 books have been written on Freemasonry; what ‘secrecy’ could be possible?
The vast range of charitable activities from childrens’ hospitals, charity funds and retirement homes attest to the essence of this society.
It’s necessary to mention that while Freemasons were key to the formation of the USA and its prideful evolution; that aspect of the Craft is no longer worth considering as any kind of political force, except in a historical perspective. If one wants high level political intrigue, the elements of the infamous "New World Order" are the appropriate focus.
The core of Freemasonry is what is known as the "Master Mason’s Lodge," commonly referred to as a "Blue Lodge," the color ‘blue,’ being said to be "Masonically" symbolic of fidelity, loyalty and friendship. However, the ‘expanse’ of Masonic organizations is huge; attempting to be a "family" fraternity, in sum.
The "Craft" includes a host of "appendant" bodies, such as the ‘male’ Scottish Rite, the York Rite and the Shriners, as well as ‘mixed’ bodies such as the Order of the Eastern Star and the Order of the Amaranth. There are also uniquely female Masonic groups, such as the Daughters of the Nile, and the Ladies Oriental Shrine. There is also a variety of ‘youth’ groups such as Demolay for boys, and the Order of the Rainbow for girls, as well as Job’s Daughters.
Freemasonry has gone through major cycles of membership numbers; yet for any loss of membership, the fraternity always rebuilds. What does this organization have to offer, that it simply will not fade into history, as its antiquity might otherwise suggest?
There are good reasons for the evolution of Freemasonry, its endurance and its intrigue.
Freemasonry is essentially a "British" product, coming to America, as a function of the early colonialism. As Freemasonry spread in what became the USA, its character took on a certain degree of ‘American’ variance, from its British origins. Yet, the American Lodges continue to operate under the umbrella of the United Grand Lodge of England.
In consideration of the primary intended audience, the "American" system will be primarily addressed in this presentation.
THE MASTER MASON’S LODGE ROOM
A Lodge of Masons is originally formed by a minimum number of well qualified members, no fewer, at least, than eight (including the Tyler [door guard] ), in good standing, or holding demits from some other regular Lodge. Often, as many as fifteen members are required, to obtain and maintain a Lodge’s "charter." Those members will petition the Grand Master of the State or Territory in which they reside, requesting to organize a Lodge of Masons at a specific location. Depending on the requirements of a given jurisdiction, the Lodge nearest the applicant Lodge may be required to sponsor the new Lodge.
Upon its formation, at the annual meeting of the Grand Lodge, a Lodge is essentially on probation, described as a "Lodge U. D.," working, "under dispensation." During its first year, the Lodge can only meet and confer the three degrees of Masonry. The primary distinction being that the new Lodge can’t vote in the Grand Lodge of the jurisdiction, and it does not have a permanent Charter. At the next meeting of the Grand Lodge, it will transmit its dispensation to the Grand Lodge, along with its Record Book, for the approval of its "work." If everything is deemed to be ‘regular,’ with any degrees being conferred according to the standard ritual of Masonry, the Grand Lodge will normally authorize a permanent Charter to be issued.
LODGE SYMBOLOGY.
In the technical concept of Masonry, a Lodge of "Entered Apprentices" (First Degree) is deemed to represent the "ground floor" of King Solomon's Temple. In a Lodge of "Fellowcrafts" (Second Degree), the Lodge represents "middle chamber;" and in a Lodge of Master Masons (Third Degree), the "Sanctum Sanctorum," or Holy of Holies, of Solomon’s Temple.
In referring to Solomon’s Temple, however, it must be said that every part of the Masonic system is symbolic; consequently, all allusions made in to Solomon's Temple, symbolize the erection of a perfect spiritual temple in the heart of a Mason - pure and spotless. That is the symbolic goal which Freemasonry desires for every one of its members.
TITLES AND DUTIES OF THE "CONSTITUTING" OFFICERS
OF A SUBORDINATE LODGE.
The presiding officer of a Lodge of Masons, for his "year in the East," is the Worshipful Master. Second in command is the Senior Warden; then the Junior Warden. These officers occupy stations in the Lodge’s symbolic "East," "West," and "South," respectively. In the symbolism of Freemasonry, they represent the sun at its rising, its meridian, and its setting. The "North" is treated as a place of darkness (ignorance), having no officer in a Master Mason’s Lodge.
The other officers are the Treasurer, Secretary, Senior Deacon, Junior Deacon and Tyler, and respectfully take rank after the Wardens. These officers occupy positions as represented in the Lodge diagram. A Chaplain and Organist, as well as Senior and Junior Steward are also generally appointed, but not always.
Each officer wears an emblematic "jewel" associated with his ‘station,’ in the Lodge. In most cases, the appropriate jewel of the officers’ office is suspended from the lowest point of a decorated collar, worn by the officers. The Deacons and Stewards also have marching rods, with their associated jewel, mounted atop the rod.
The Worshipful Master’s station is symbolized by a square; the Senior Warden, by a level. The Junior Warden wears a plumb; the Treasurer, two crossed keys. The Secretary wears a set of crossed quills; the Senior Deacon wears a Square and Compasses, with a sun in the center. The Junior Deacon wears a Square and Compasses, with a quarter-moon in center; the two Stewards are furnished with a cornucopia. The Chaplain wears an open Bible; the Tyler wears a sword. Typically, the officers’ aprons are decorated with the same symbols.
Worshipful Master.
This position is attained by election of the Lodge members, except in "U. D." lodges (lodges ‘under dispensation’), when the Worshipful Master and Wardens are appointed by the Grand Master or his representative. Typically, it is required that the Master must have previously presided as a Warden. The Master presides in the Masonic "East" of the Lodge, usually wearing a top hat. Typically, his station is a podium upon a platform, elevated by three "steps."
The Master, along with the other elected officers cannot (typically) resign after his installation. It is somewhere between Masonic law and tradition that all officers hold their respective offices until their successors are installed. In some jurisdictions, at his installation, the Master receives the degree/designation of "Past Master."
The Master’s position is attained by election in a chartered lodge, or by appointment of Grand Master or his representative - if in a lodge working under dispensation.
Senior Warden.
The Senior Warden’s place is in the Masonic "West," opposite the Worshipful Master. As with the Master, his position is elected. Typically, his station is a podium upon a platform, elevated by two "steps." He is immediately under the Master, charged to superintend the craft during labor, and, in the Master’s absence, to preside over the lodge. Along with the Worshipful Master and Junior Warden, he represents the lodge in the Grand Lodge annual session.
NOTE:
During the temporary absence of the Master, the Senior Warden, although the ‘official’ Master, per his installation instructions, may through courtesy resign the chair to a former Past Master, yet in this case the latter officer derives his authority from the Warden and cannot act until this officer has congregated the lodge. The same thing is applicable to the Junior Warden, in case of the absence, both of the Master and the Senior Warden. This rule – where observed - arises from the technicality that the warrant of Constitution [charter] is technically granted to the Master, Wardens and their successors in office and not to the members of the lodge. A lodge therefore cannot be legally congregated without the presence of at least one of these officers. The Grand Master can grant any required dispensation, in an emergency; such must be done in advance.
Junior Warden.
This position is attained in the same fashion as the Senior Warden, via election. The Junior Warden’s seat is in the Masonic "South." Typically, his station is a podium upon a platform, elevated by one "step." The Junior Warden presides over the Craft during refreshment. In the absence of the Worshipful Master and Senior Warden, he performs the duties of presiding officer. This station is often charged with providing the Lodge refreshment and food; most often delegated to the Stewards.
Treasurer.
Also attained by election, except in lodges under dispensation, when he is appointed by the Worshipful Master. He receives all lodge moneys from the Secretary, keeps account of same, and pays them out on the order of the Worshipful Master - with consent of lodge. Traditionally, his seat is at a desk, to the left of the Worshipful Master (looking "East.").
Secretary.
Also elected. His duties are to observe the Worshipful Master's will and pleasure; to record the proceedings of the lodge; to receive all moneys and pay them to the Treasurer, taking back his receipt. He is to additionally attend Masonic trials and meetings for taking evidence; furnish copies of all evidence taken on any trials where an, appeal is taken to the Grand Lodge; to furnish any required diplomas, demits, certificates, etc., duly signed and sealed by order of the lodge; to prepare the regular and annual reports made to the Grand Lodge and certificates of the representatives; and to notify the Secretary of Grand Lodge of any expulsions.
He is also to keep a Masonic biography of all important facts concerning the Masonic history of each member; to keep a Visitors’ Book; to prepare a balance sheet of all accounts of the members - and of his own account with the Lodge, and to keep a roll of all who are entitled to vote. The Secretary’s seat is traditionally at a desk, at the far right of the Worshipful Master.
Senior Deacon.
(ROD TOP)
Appointed by the Worshipful Master. The Senior Deacon acts as his proxy in the active duties of the lodge; to give fraternal attention to visitors and conduct candidates during initiation. His seat is to the right and in front of the Worshipful Master, at "floor" level. As they move about the Lodge room, the Deacons carry a rod, as a symbol of their office.
Junior Deacon.
(ROD TOP)
The Junior Deacon is also appointed by the Master; subject to removal by him. He acts as proxy for the Senior Warden; the inner guardian of the Lodge room door. His place is to the right and in front of the Senior Warden - near the door.
Tyler.
An officer of absolute necessity, who must be a Master Mason. The Tyler sits outside the doors of the Lodge room, acting as a guard, ensuring the security of the Lodge. He is typically tasked with checking membership cards, as appropriate, and ensuring that officers, members and visitors sign the "Tyler’s Register."
However, he may not be included in the list of constituting officers, as many jurisdictions permit the Tyler to belong to another lodge. If the Tyler is a member of the particular Lodge he guards, he is usually appointed by the Master. Often, the Tyler is charged with setting up and taking down the Lodge Room. Some sources hold that the wavy "flaming sword" is the proper sword, but common tradition leaves the ‘straight-blade’ as most typical.
In addition to these constituting or necessary officers, there are five others. These five are styled -
SUPERNUMERARY OFFICERS.
Chaplain.
Appointed by the Worshipful Master. His station is usually to the right and in front of the Master; his duties indicated by his title. The Chaplain may not necessarily be a member of the particular Lodge, similar to the Tyler.
Marshal.
Also appointed by the Worshipful Master. His duties are typically to escort the Chaplain, or to present the Flag. At funerals and other public displays he marshals the procession. His place is typically next to the Chaplain. In smaller lodges the Senior Deacon often attends to the duties of Marshal.
Organist.
Appointed by the Worshipful Master, as director of the instrumental musical exercises. His situation is at or near the organ/piano. Similar to the Tyler and Chaplain, the Organist may not necessarily be a member of the particular Lodge.
Senior Steward.
(ROD TOP)
Appointed by the Master, as the assistant in charge of preparing candidates. Often, the Senior Steward is in charge of purchasing and serving refreshments at lodge dinners and festivals, etc. His station is typically in front of and to the right of the Junior Warden. Most lodges have Stewards. Similar to the Deacons, as they move about the Lodge room, the Stewards also carry a rod.
Junior Steward.
(ROD TOP)
His appointment and duties are the same as the Senior Steward, whom he assists. His position is typically in front of and to the left of the Junior Warden.
Past Masters.
While not officers, per se, Past Masters typically wear a lapel pin, ring, jewel or apron with a set of compasses, opened over a 90-degree graduated arc, in place of the square, with a ‘sun & moon’ in the center. Properly constructed, the Past Master’s Compasses will have the letter "G" displayed on one of the Compass legs. Depending on the Jurisdiction, the Past Master’s jewel might have both the ‘standard’ square, and the quadrant. In some instances, the Past Master’s jewels can be incredibly ornate and even have a gem, such as a diamond, in the center.
Officer Stations.
A podium typically stands in front of each of the three principal officers. The Wardens’ columns rest upon those in the South and West. The columns symbolize whether the Lodge is at labor, or at refreshment. When the Lodge is open, the Senior Warden's column is standing up, but when the Lodge is called off, or during recess the Junior Warden's column is standing.
HISTORICAL FREEMASONRY
For so proud an institution, it is unfortunate that the history of Freemasonry is so unsupported by documented and reliable history. Among Masons and historians, there exists an eternal debate as to the true origins and history of Freemasonry. There seems to be no shortage of positions to be passionately taken and defended as though the issues were prized terra firma. Thus, Freemasonry becomes an "enigma;" defined as "…something difficult to understand."
To the uninformed, the element of probability – not just simple conjecture - is perhaps the only viable tool available to sort out the facts and issues. To say that the history of Freemasonry is replete with historic facts is unfortunately naive. Freemasonry is, however, pregnant with debate and an enviable history.
For the benefit of those not informed, the "Square and Compasses" of Freemasonry denote the admonishment to Masons to keep their passions within due bounds (Compasses) and to act in a fair manner with all ("Fair and Square"). In the American and Canadian traditions, the letter "G" is enclosed denoting a belief in God and the lessons of Geometry, which testify to a Godly perfection of the physical (a snowflake, for instance) and the perfection of a logic system being available – evidenced by the system of theorems, corollaries and postulates. Masons, being opponents of tyranny, the logic aspect drives tyrants and would-be tyrants mad!
Any informed historian, whether Masonic or otherwise, will acknowledge that Masonry is an evolved order. Most importantly, it has continued to evolve from its very earliest existence. Freemasonry did not originate from a solitary tradition or discipline; there were no stone or golden tablets. It can only be said that Freemasonry, as it is currently known, borrowed the best from history, adapting history in the form of allegory to produce the fraternity which is so well known today. Freemasonry is not an unbroken heritage, in the historical sense; it is a continuing philosophical, moral and social passion, based in noble tradition.
One of the most important aspects of Freemasonry, is the preservation of the value of morality. For all the "Masonic" references to the various schools of thought, whether the Bible or the Mithraic rites, the traditions of Masonry illustrate the eternal nature of morality, as a core element of all enduring civilizations. At a minimum, morality represents "safety."
Since Masonry's emergence into the public arena in 1717 as a fraternity, many well-intended writers have attempted to explain the beliefs and history of the order. Unfortunately, such a task seems to have been a magnet for the egos and imaginations of certain writers. Conversely, Masonry has suffered no shortage of those who seek to express responsible information.
There is no limit to the theories as to the origins and development of Freemasonry. Many of these theories purport that Scotland was the true source of Masonry, a surviving legacy of the Knights Templar. Unfortunately, there is little material to adequately document many of those theories. Fortunately, the search continues with increasing support for that idea.
Thus is the purpose of this material, to concisely explain, as best one possibly can, the history, purpose and development of Freemasonry and it's associated bodies; more importantly, its intrigue.
THE HUMAN MOTIVATION
It is certainly worthy of note, with rare exception, that every culture has a system which designates one or more individuals as 'unique,' whether a war hero, leader or celebrity. This is true among the most advanced or primitive cultures. Often, this is a warrior class unique within a group of warriors. Almost all the Native American tribes had such a society; if they were not warriors per se, they were hunters or a group of 'wise men.' Interestingly, cultures very often demand such a class.
It should be acknowledged that in all arenas of life, we look to the past for the foundation of our knowledge. We are taught to seek knowledge and wisdom from parents and elders. We are taught that our success in life will be largely dependent upon our acceptance of all such guidance, whether simply good advice or formal education. It is natural, therefore, that we seek specialized knowledge as a lever or spring-board to facilitate our success. The hope of discovering an ancient secret is always attractive.
It should stretch no person’s imagination to say that whoever knows and understands the past; knows the future. The behavior of mankind is that constant. The technology and physical monuments may change, but the elemental nature of mankind is so constant, that history is as much a predictor, as it is a record.
In history, no society has been exempt from those who seek a shortcut in the form of "specialized" knowledge. There are always those satisfied that there is a body of knowledge which will give the individual a special advantage, sometimes power, in life. Interestingly, the most common of this group are often referred to as 'church-goers.'
In a more extreme form, there are individuals or groups who are satisfied that there is a truly secret and reliably powerful body of knowledge which they can access; often enough, prostitute. These individuals can be found in groups ranging from college fraternities to actual 'black arts' practitioners. With such associations as the infamous "Skull & Bones," of Yale fame, one can hardly blame anyone for being suspicious of any ‘private’ fraternity.
To better understand the "function" of Masonry – or anything like it – ponder a modified version of "Maslow’s Pyramid." On each of the four pyramid faces, attach a label – "Physical," "Mental," "Emotional:" and "Spiritual." Next, start with the base of each of those four faces, and assign a vertical segment, labeled, "Survival," "Security," "Comfort," "Fulfillment;" lastly and most importantly - "Legacy."
It makes little difference whether we apply such a model to family, community, church, school; or any type of "organization." When our "primal needs" are met, we are fulfilled.
At its peak, Masonry had evolved to being a powerful ‘provider; going a long way toward fulfilling the obvious needs of millions. Unfortunately for the "Craft," alternate mechanisms entered the various global cultures, detracting from the traditional offerings of the fraternity. Unions assumed the role of job provision and security, movies and TV competed with the entertainment value of the Lodges, etc. Various expressions of "Politically Correct" crept into the Lodges, with the quiet implication that if one felt ‘special’ or ‘unique,’ they should also feel guilty.
In the current time frame, the "Craft" has failed to compromise its traditions to become ‘synchronous’ with appreciate a demand for its adaptation to modern mandates. Amongst the ‘traditions’ of the Order, it used to be a smoking and drinking society. The Shriners were famous for their conventions, complete with "hassling" the cocktail waitresses. Those elements are not likely to return, at least in the USA.
Whatever debate is available as to the hard facts of Masonic history, the success of Freemasonry was spawned from a known/proven/presumed product, for primal needs and wants. Its symbols and rituals effected an emotional investment/bond to that institution. Any ‘proven’ institution has an identical appeal; thus, it’s following. It is academic that when any significant corruption occurs, the primal "trust" issues can quickly dissolve ANY institution.
History provides many of the great names in science (following their belief system) who were threatened by the Church. 'Good,' in the objective sense, is not necessarily a requirement to evade judgment and persecution.
Throughout history, various formal schools of thought have been continuous, while others were totally revived from history; the ‘round earth,’ for example; Columbus was persistent, not original.
Among these schools of thought, there are many which are regarded as ‘esoteric.’ Perhaps the most common in today's culture is astrology. It is not by accident that, typically, the local newspaper publishes a daily horoscope; there is that much public demand (intrigue) for the horoscope. The term "esoteric" is typically regarded as a synonym with "powerful." Among other human challenges, one is tasked to draw a line between superstition and religion – however unpopular it may be to say that.
It is fascinating to acknowledge that astrology independently originated in cultures which were historically segregated by culture and geography; often separated by oceans. It is also interesting to note that the independent versions of astrology have a remarkable degree of agreement.
Freemasonry is discovered in such a shadow of ‘mystery, by virtue of its secret origins, its antiquity and even in its role in history; particularly in the realm of the spread of democracy. The American Revolution and the American Constitution trace back to a body of Masons being at the core of those matters. Whether the French Revolution, the revolutions of Bolivia or the Philippines, Masonry has been found to be present. The ‘greats’ of history often have Masonic membership in common, whether a statesman, scientist, actor, writer, poet or astronaut; Masonry is often found as a common thread.
Freemasonry is also considered by some as an elitist organization, consequently attracting the status-seekers. Masonic membership is appropriately to be considered unique and prideful. Beyond personal fantasy, elitism is not a part of Freemasonry; learning, achievement and contribution are. However, in all fairness, it should be noted that many Lodges in history have been noted for their economic prowess, with a measure of elitism actually practiced. Freemasonry can’t exclude all human weaknesses.
Contrary to popular perception, Freemasonry has no secrets. It has no particularly specialized teachings. Freemasonry simply provides impressive and organized moral, philosophical and spiritual teachings. Freemasonry does practice rituals similar to those found in Congress, a courtroom, a church or an Elk's lodge. Freemasonry honors and encourages knowledge, morality and good citizenship. A little-appreciated feature of the "Craft," is the element of moral accountability. In that feature is found the claim that, "Freemasonry makes good men better."
An educated Mason will readily acknowledge that the actual secrets of Freemasonry are contained within the forgotten history of the membership – referred to as "ignorance;" unfortunately. The intended secrets can all be typically found in the local public library – certainly on the Internet. The true application of the term, 'esoteric' cannot be appropriately applied to modern Freemasonry.
However, it must still be acknowledged that Freemasonry carries the prejudiced reputation of being a secret society - ignorance at its best. Freemasonry does have a fascinating, and sometimes obscure history; still, no secrets.
SO, WHAT IS "FREEMASONRY?"
The commonly accepted definition for Freemasonry is: "A system of morality, veiled in allegory; illustrated by symbols." The Masonic system of morality relies on the finest ethics of time. One must appreciate the chosen allegories, examining the emblems, and the encouraged practices of the Masonic moral behaviors and philosophies. These recommended practices have been chosen to prepare the Mason in mind and in spirit. Freemasonry can be called "a way of life." In the shortest possible description, Freemasonry is simply "good citizenship," associated with huge charities.
THE DEFINITION OF FREEMASONRY.
Again, the proper description of Freemasonry is "A system of morality, veiled in allegory and illustrated by symbols." Such is an impressive description, but what should any Mason; or potential member understand from that description?
MORALITY
For many, that term may seem to generically lack a sufficient definition. Yet, if we assign the definition, "That which would never disturb the conscience of a reasonable person," we have a viable reference. Implied is the element of "identification," meaning that we must put ourselves in the shoes of the entity being perceived to have "lost" anything – in essence, applying the Golden Rule. As individuals, would we willingly suffer that same consequence? Or, as benefactors, could our conscience tolerate the means of any benefit?
Debates of pure – and inhuman – logic, aside, the vast majority of any population is inherently aware of the distinction between right and wrong. Debate will never change that, as a reality. And, "normal" human beings can all distinguish ‘rationalization’ from true ‘morality.’
Certainly, when we encounter a person trying to "invent" morality out of a clearly bad proposition, our trust and respect for that person go out the window. When we encounter a person whose standard for rationalization exceeds that which we know as ‘integrity,’ we quickly come to distrust and even fear that person – as a potential threat in our own future.
Thus, in Freemasonry, the element of ‘morality’ is at the forefront of the fraternity, the element of ‘integrity’ is implied. Accordingly, Masons hold each other accountable.
In our daily lives, we often encounter a debate as to some changes, relative to the judgments of "good" and "bad." Often enough, we’re satisfied with the perception that an event was either good or bad, only relative to whether one is buying or selling. But, is that ‘buying-or-selling’ surface observation sufficient to one’s personal pride, dignity and self-respect; or even to an honorable standard of integrity?
Thus, Masons incorporate that third required reference, or benchmark – morality.
Thereafter, we encounter another ‘unofficial’ definition and product - or gift - from Freemasonry – "good citizenship."
ALLEGORY
We see the descriptor – "…veiled in allegory…" - but few Masons ever address that descriptor, as though the whole world is reasonably expected to instantly understand the phrase. Yet the "meaning" is only as distant as a cheap dictionary:
"A story or description, in which the characters or events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning."
The Masonic teachings certainly go there – very quickly, just in the morality drama contained in the Masonic Third Degree.
SYMBOLS
We read the descriptor – "…illustrated by symbols." There is quite a long list of symbols in Freemasonry, yet the most prominent set of these symbols takes one to quite an interesting mystery.
Just take the Masonic ‘tools’ (plumb, level & square). Among other locations, these tools are found in not only the high probability of such great works as the Egyptian pyramids’ construction, but they are also found on the base of one of the Egyptian obelisks.
But, is that a simple extreme or coincidence of history?
Archeology aside, we must also observe that Christianity – in some major format – dominated the origins of Freemasonry. Next, we must observe that Christianity traces back through Judaism – yes, to Egypt. It is foolish to think that Moses brought only people out of Egypt, versus the cultural influence of Egypt – to include the influence of the Egyptian "mysteries;" the lineage is there.
While the typical ‘man-on-the-street’ might rationalize, "Oh yeah, but….;" the devoted Mason is left to ask the powerful question – "What if…"
It is interesting to ponder the thought that powerful conclusions are the terminating point of powerful questions. Again, conclusions are a terminating point. The intellectual depth and quality of the associated questions will determine the quality of the conclusion. That is also true, if the ‘conclusion’ is reverse-engineered; even with a re-working of the presumed or known questions – for better or for worse.
Next, ponder the obvious fact that without action, the ingredients of potential success are worthless. Known gold ore in the ground doesn’t make for a beautiful ring – without ‘action.’ Conclusions without application are only observations, not components of change; for good, bad or indifferent.
Another symbol commonly found in Freemasonry is the triangle.
Again, out of the land of Egypt, we have a fascinating association with that symbol. The "triangle" contains three points, three sides and three angles. Interestingly, the triangle – out of the traditions of that region’s history – is also commonly employed to symbolize God - even in Christian circles.
Certainly, we have no way of being absolutely certain, but think for a moment; is that "triangle" a formula, a model, or, perhaps a message? Could it be far more than an arbitrary symbol?
In mathematics, does it represent reality in the seeming equation, "A" is to "B," relative to "C?" Think for a moment. We do not witness simply three arbitrary points in time and space, we don’t perceive three disjointed "lines" in time and space, we witness those three points, lines and angles in the format of inextricable "order and relationship."
Any mathematician will quickly advise that such a perception is far from ‘arbitrary esoteric rubbish.’ Doctorates of that mathematics make a good living from all that GEOMETRY. "Geometry" is a major teaching device within Freemasonry.
Yet, there is another relationship to be observed. Our lives are dynamic, not frozen in space. Our lives represent changes through time; requiring further "measurement."
In dealing with the perception which humans know as "time," there is no absolute standard. The "day" – the standard human measure – is not the least bit regular as the precision of modern science knows it. Still, the relative changes of the "day" give us a useful operating reference, as perceived by the typical person. In all of history, few events have been as important as the perception of ‘time’ – and season. Ask a computer expert or a farmer how important ‘time’ is. Nanoseconds or seasons, time is an inescapable feature - nay, a necessity – of our lives. It must be measured.
The term "time" is – in pragmatic application – a surrogate descriptor for "relative change." Ah, "relative!" As in "relativity." Did Einstein "almost" have it right? Is ‘time’ more appropriately treated as a human perception – a perceived changing physical relationship - versus a unique ‘dimension?’ Plants and animals respond to environmental and biological "change," not to a wrist-watch. Only humans observe, analyze, structure and debate.
Try to imagine two Astronauts floating in the expanse of space – out of view of any specific planetary object, versus surrounded by far distant stars. Imagine them facing each other’s feet, with one asking, "Which on of us is upside down?" The other then suggests, "Maybe we’re level." Without a third reference, they can’t be the least bit certain – if there IS an answer. They can only perceive that they are inverted – "relative" to each other. An interesting, but otherwise useless observation. Now, in that same scenario, imagine one asking the other, "What time is it?" The other asking, "What day is it?"
We measure "time" - as it’s termed and treated - to the "RELATIVE" changing of the Earth’s relationship to the sun – as we PERCEIVE it. Thus, we must contemplate that time is – in fact – ‘relative perceived change.’
The hands move around the clock, the digits change on the display, the sun & moon rise and set – relative to the human perception. How many centuries did it take to realize that the Sun doesn’t rotate around the Earth? It took a THIRD point – for reference – to establish that ‘relativity.’ Should a famous philosophy be altered from "I think, therefore I exist" to "I perceive, therefore I exist?"
But, return to the land of Egypt and once again note what we most closely relate to that land – the pyramids. For one thing, there has never been a satisfactory answer as to how they were built. No one can account for the supposed tools which were used to cut that mass of stone. No one can account for the quantity of "time" which would be required, nor the labor population which would be required. There is no evidence of any "knowledge" or "technology" which would account for the relative perfection with which they were built.
Few know that the Great Pyramid of Giza originally was covered with a polished sandstone, which operated as a mirror, effecting a torch or beacon on the desert sands. A major earthquake in 1356 shook off that surface & the remains were scavenged by the local populace.
To continue, we also note that the pyramids are not a seeming holographic triangular plane in space, but that they have three dimensions. Interestingly, they have four sides, not just three.
Certainly, anything can be debated indefinitely, but again, stop to ponder the idea that the dynamic of life has four primary facets – Physical, Mental, Emotional and Spiritual. Even plants have been demonstrated to have emotions, to the satisfaction of science.
The shape of the pyramids is one of the greatest examples of structural ‘stability’ and ‘endurance.’
Again, the Egyptian influence is brought forth through the Hebrew traditions.
Out of history, we have another symbol, commonly known as "infinity," or the "mobius," or "lemniscate."
As one looks at that symbol, it doesn’t take much thinking to note a symbol for "…ever changing, never ending; always repeating." This symbol is also used by cartographers, commonly found on any globe, depicting the cycle of the sun – or rotation of the earth, as one prefers. Similarly, we must remember that life – itself - is a cycle, not an isolated and arbitrary event.Thus, for lack of any absolute answers, ponder the thought that the "message" in all this, is that there are no absolute answers. BUT, think to the near-magic which has resulted from "questions!"
In terms of a metaphor, versus a specific story, imagine running up an alley, encountering a wall, which is impossible to surmount or to break through – an absolute and impossible barrier. The obvious message is "turn around; go back, or waste away." The instant question, "What now?"
Thus, is there a "cosmic" message to the effect of – "You’ll never have that answer; it doesn’t and can’t exist – go back." In that process, we have to change something - our relative direction of perception and motion. Why would we do that? Because there is that seeming mandate to go back and improve our position – for whatever the reason – or the outcome. Hence, is the ultimate message, "You exist; change what you have – for the better?"
Perhaps, that is the "message" left to us by the ‘ancients;’ perhaps from God. Perhaps life is far more a question than an absolute. In consequence, our curiosities and appropriate actions take us to an increasingly better place; as it should be. Thus, Masons, are left to explore and question the matters of "morality," "allegory" and "symbol."
Still, without action, the all of the ingredients of success are worthless. Freemasonry is about "good deeds." Thus, one can imagine the historic resistance to such an institution as Freemasonry, by tyrants of all kinds.
FREEMASONRY AS A PROGRESSIVE SCIENCE
Freemasonry is designed as a progressive social science; a Mason advances
step-by-step. From his beginning as a First Degree Mason or "Entered Apprentice" (youth), to the second Degree of a "Fellowcraft" Mason (maturity); finally to the Third Degree, or "Master Mason" (old age). The Mason acquires and applies the knowledge available to him at each level, or 'degree,' ideally perfecting the knowledge and memory ‘skills’ of each level. A Mason is said to conduct his life by the symbolism of the square, level, and the plumb. These represent integrity, equality and upright personal conduct.
A candidate for Freemasonry is required to come to Freemasonry of his own free will and accord. The American Grand Lodge system prohibits recruitment of members. It is hoped that the potential candidate has a deep respect for Masonry, as a whole, its members and a sincere desire and motivation to join the fraternity, dedicated to "Brotherly Love, Relief, and Truth."
Many a man has been profoundly disappointed that his Masonic friend has not invited him to join the fraternity. What is commonly unknown is that recruitment is prohibited. To become a Mason, one must ask the obvious simple question, "How do I become a member?" It is hoped that the quality of the fraternity spontaneously inspires a desire for membership.
The fraternity of Freemasonry essentially models its principles according to those of the ancient operative craft, which successfully protected its trade secrets. These subsequent "secrets" of Freemasonry consisted of moral principles as well as the science of architecture and geometry. Consequently, Freemasonry, the fraternity, originally became known as a secret society. There should be little doubt that at one time the fraternal form of the craft was a secret society, fearing an 'inquisition.' Over the centuries, the fraternity evolved into the public arena, with strong attachments to the principles of Truth, Justice and Liberty.
In Modern Freemasonry, there are in fact no true secrets. Again, the teachings of Freemasonry are available in most city libraries, available for all to read. The craft 'secrets' are more properly described as "private." The members typically wear the Masonic emblems openly. The Masonic halls are normally well marked and listed in local phone directories; Masonic rings and lapel pins are commonly seen. Certainly, the Masonic Shrine is commonly known.
Contrary to many popularly held opinions, Freemasonry is not an elitist organization. Freemasonry is neither a religious nor a political organization. Freemasonry only requires a belief in a Supreme Being, encouraging its members to be active in the belief of their choice.
Another popularly held myth is that Mason's are secretive, powerful, tightly knit and self-serving. Certainly, the Masonic meetings are private – no argument. In reality, Masons are no more secret, powerful and interactive than the typical church group. However, that is not to say that, in history, Mason's have not banded together for a common purpose. The American revolution and the framing of the U.S. Constitution are among he collective efforts of the Masons, among other landmarks of history.
Conversely, media attention to Freemasonry is hardly worth mentioning. This fact attests to the magnitude of Freemasonry's "low-profile" effect in politics and society. As with most ancient organizations, Masonry had its 'secret' years. The Masonic Lodges date to a time when their members would have been ferreted out by Church and state, with the risk of torture or execution.
In general, no unique religious dogmas or creeds are permitted in Masonic practice. Masonry encourages a reverence for a Supreme Being, as well as a spiritual concern for one's fellow man. Freemasonry does not directly support any political candidates or issues. Obviously, if a major issue came up affecting freedom, as Americans know it; the concern will become a focus. However, Masonry encourages each member to think as an individual and to fulfill his civic responsibilities, applying an appropriate conscience.
Any discussions of religious or partisan politics are prohibited in all branches of Freemasonry in the United States. Such issues as freedom and patriotism are not considered in the light of partisan politics. There are some distinctly Christian Orders within Freemasonry, as a whole. However, these are not denominational. The principles contained in these Christian orders profess the support of Christianity as a function of the tradition of the Knights Templar (more on that subject later), but not in any terms different from the Masonic support of any other religious organization.
The Masonic Knights Templar, involve themselves with chivalry and the support of Christianity, honoring the Order's original and traditional mission during the Crusades. The same Masons would equally defend any person's faith. Membership in the Masonic Knights Templar has absolutely no restriction on one's religious background or belief. Obviously, the Christian theme of the Masonic Templars wouldn’t be particularly attractive to non-Christians.
MASONIC
HISTORYFreemasonry has grown from two parallel ideologies. One ideology is based upon recorded historic fact; the other line is a system of allegories, which begin with the creation of the world. Over time, the allegoric has intertwined with the historic to produce the current evolved fraternal system of Freemasonry.
Again, the factual history of Freemasonry is simply not well documented. Existing documentation reliably indicates that the craft, as a fraternity, developed from the operative masons who erected the stone buildings of Europe. The available documentation suggests that expert European craftmasons were brought to England to construct the early castles and churches. With them, they brought the ancient science, legends, rules and charges of the trade. It is believed that the local trade groups formed "lodges." Each lodge probably modified and improved the ancient traditions, charges and legends to suit their existing circumstances. Consequently, no fixed standards existed within the craft, as a whole.
While many dates are assigned to the organization of even the stone masons, the best evidence of their formal organization is expressed by the early English statutes prohibiting such organizations. Following the Black Plague devastation, the English enacted the "Labourers Statutes" in 1360, which forbade the stone mason's 'congregations, chapters, regulations and oathes.' This is perhaps the earliest historical testimony to the systemized organization of the stone masons.
The term "Freemasonry" is an evolved term. There are two primary approaches to understanding its use. The first approach examines the term as it was used in respect to operative stonemasons; the other usage is a fraternal application.
The use of the term "Free Mason" occurs in the earliest of the documents regarding stonemasons. While the term "Freemason" is puzzling, there are several possibilities for the meaning of this term. One probable explanation suggests that the individual workmen were free to move from one building project or country to another, much as the "free agency" status of a baseball player of today.
Following a building's completion, each "fellow" of the craft would be left to find employment wherever possible. However, an apprentice was bound to an individual fellow or master. The apprentice would accompany the fellow or master, wherever work would take them. In fraternal Masonic history, 'Fellow' was often used synonymously with 'Master.'
As a requirement to secure new employment, the fellow would be effectively "interviewed" for the new job. We may assume that the fellow would have to pass an examination of his knowledge, including an exhibit of his skill. It is assumed that the fellow would also have to offer some secret sign or token as proof to the new master that he had "legally" secured his knowledge and ability, and was a trustworthy craftsman.
Reliable historical records from the early operative masons also indicate the use of the term 'Freemason' in reference to a certain class or rank of worker. The term describes one who works (with skill) with stone cut from the quarry - quality stone. In contrast, the same documents also refer to those who work with 'roughstone'. In terms of operative stonemasons, these terms describe, essentially, a rank distinction within the craft.
It is also possible that the term was exclusively used with regard to a speculative member who was of such high social status as to be 'free.' In such case, we find the terms 'free' and 'accepted' in their combined form to more adequately describe a speculative member.
To believe in one position or the other is a highly subjective decision. Again, it is perhaps appropriate to conclude the desired history in terms of what the individual considers to be most probable. In reality, such curiosities have the effect of binding the membership, in hope that such answers can ultimately be discovered.
Given the date of the emergence of Freemasonry as a fraternity, it is also important to appreciate the historic character of the history of the particular society - feudalism. As in all societies, to be a free citizen is as natural as wanting food, water and shelter. Thus, it takes little imagination to believe that part of the Masonic association was a quest for equality, or freedom, whether real or self-acclaimed. This is particularly true when one considers that the early expansion of Freemasonry as a fraternity was largely a function of the 'speculative' Masons.
LEGENDARY ACCOUNTS
History records that the working lodges of England, Germany and France developed a variety of legends or traditions to explain the origins of their particular trade. This was typical of any group, whether a village or a chivalric order.
It is historically true that most professional groups identified early examples of excellence in their field. The medical profession exemplifies this idea in its ethical standards from the teachings of Hippocrates, for example, who is the well known father of medicine. The legal profession claims its history from Hammurabi, the King of Babylon, famous for developing an early code of justice.
Human pride mandates the establishment of an admirable level of proficiency from which the trade or professional group attempts to advance, in a building-block fashion. That same pride requires the establishment of a history or tradition, from which all knowledge of the science, art or trade is preserved.
The stonemasons of the middle ages attempted to build the highest and most magnificent cathedrals within their capabilities, for both profit and for the glory of God. Recognizing the social and professional value of morality, they were also concerned for the moral and spiritual development of their members. Such development also served as the best insurance against the compromise of the craft secrets. The human elements of pride, dignity and self respect had to have been present also. Certainly, innovation had to have been a powerful component, complete with the human ego.
It is a common trait of human nature to hold ancient knowledge as being sacred. Toward that end, the Freemasons adopted, as their early tradition, the account from the Bible of the building of King Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem as the moral and spiritual foundation for the development of the craft. Again, human nature utilizes such teachings as a source of empowerment. One may also depend on the element of personal power being a part of that picture.
According to the ancient accounts, the stones for building Solomon's Temple, were so perfectly shaped in the quarries that they joined perfectly at the building site, "so that there was neither hammer, nor axe, nor any tool of iron heard in the house, while it was building" (I Kings 6:7). This account of perfect workmanship, along with the excellence of Solomon's organization skill, is taught by the craft as the most fitting inspiration for future societies.
A number of variations have been added to the Biblical account of the building of King Solomon's Temple, these are expressed in the form of allegory. The stories illustrate legends or events of value, or interest and excitement, to the various classes of workmen employed during the temple's construction. Many of those legends have been selected (with dynamic variations in history) by the various Masonic organizations to illustrate and exemplify moral and spiritual values.
STONECUTTERS OR TEMPLARS?
Of all the debates among modern Masons, there is perhaps no greater debate than that surrounding the claim that Freemasonry is neo-Templarism.
That question conjures a certain ghost of history which haunts the halls of Masonry. That ghost comes in the form of the question, "What became of the Knights Templar?" Or, more directly, "Is Masonry a transcendent of Templarism?"
History contains enough information suggesting that the answer to the last question is often a resounding "YES!" However, that response currently remains more of a form of hope, suspicion and conviction, as opposed to proven fact. As time goes on, there is increasing evidence of this connection. However, hard proof is destined to be difficult to discover.
Certainly, the element of romanticism affects the beliefs of many. We are tragically left with "probable truth," as opposed to documented and acceptable fact. By default, it is currently more appropriate to view the Templar issue in terms of a revived tradition, as opposed to an unbroken lineage.
While passionate debate can be generated in the negative, with regard to recorded Masonic / Templar history, it must be also honored that the Templar issue is a faith-based position, with supporting historical fact. As a practical matter, it should not be discounted any more than one would utilize recorded history and logic to discount an individual's religious convictions.
The Templars are remembered in history as being a military power unto themselves; the organization was born in Jerusalem, out of the First Crusade. In the peak of their existence, the Templars also operated as an economic entity with their own treasury, ship builders, and other crafts. The affairs of the Templars brought them in contact with an impressive list of cultures. That, of course, leaves the possibility that the Templars developed an ‘alternate’ view of history, versus Church teachings.
One school of thought attributes the popularity of Tarot cards – possibly traditional playing cards - as an underground Templar historical legend. However, given the date of the appearance of Tarot cards, it’s at best suggested that it was a dark secret of the Templars, not to appear, until after their demise.
The Templars were famous for their attachment to organized and dynamic schools of thought, military or otherwise. The Templars were the diplomats, lawyers and the original "bankers," serving commerce between the East and the West. It is highly probable that some within the working units of the Templar organizations were in fact stonemasons.
It is also necessary to honor the history of many cultural treasures coming from the Arab world, commonly with the background of originating in India; Algebra, for example. Thus, the Templars served as a prominent cultural conduit, for a variety of historic items.
Ultimately, the power and wealth of the Templars attracted the jealousy and probably fear of both Church and crown. Their arrest was ordered on Friday, the 13th of October, 1307 (spawning the obvious superstition).
It is generally believed that a contingent of the Knights Templar escaped to Scotland just before or after the arrest of their Grand Commander, Jacques De Molay in 1307. Their ultimate fate escapes reliable history. Many accounts claim that the escaping Templars took the Order's treasures with them, whether documents or wealth (still missing).
A majority of today's Masons are intimately familiar with the book, "The Temple and the Lodge" (Baigent & Leigh). This particular work makes a strong case for the argument that the Templars were the originators of Freemasonry as it is known today. Adding fuel to the fiery debate is the book "Born in Blood" (John Robinson). This book takes an interesting and firm stand in favor of the Templar origin.
Similarly, the books, "Holy Blood Holy Grail" and "Bloodline of the Holy Grail" cite various points of Christian history in such a way as to send chills up the spine of the typical, and knowledgeable, Mason. The essence of these books argue the case that Jesus was totally human, and left behind a family, via Mary Magdalene. Margaret Starbird's books add significantly to these issues. Such chills emanate from the question,
"What if this were proven to be fact?" The book, "Bloodline of the Holy Grail," takes one into a scholarly and detailed account of history, which is fascinating.Supposedly, the Templars possessed a batch of secrets, enabling them to operate under a cloud of blackmail over the Church. However, there is also a significant percentage of Masons who argue that the Templar connection is fanciful nonsense. Again, we are faced with a shortage of documented history and must resort to the 'probability' element; highly subjective. There is a quantity of documentation – and even archaeological evidence, but not quite enough. Thus, the reader must decide the issue for him or herself. In any case, most Masons regard the Templar connection in the light of a highly noble and worthy tradition, adopted by the Craft; which should not be abandoned.
According to those in favor of the Templar history, following the order for the arrest of the Templars in France (1307), a great number of the Templars escaped to Scotland and were absorbed into the Scottish society in the capacity of warrior, farmer, mason, or whatever their capacity would allow. Scotland was at odds with the Catholic Church and was the best hiding spot available. This was also the embattled period of Robert the Bruce. An interesting aspect of fraternal Masonic history is that some of the most ancient characteristics of Masonry, including symbols, are reliably traced to Scotland. While history records that Scotland imported the operative craft from the continent and England, Scotland still produces the oldest craft / guild documentation.
At this point, the reader should begin distinguishing the evolution of the operative craft into the social or 'speculative' fraternity. It is also interesting to note that the Masonic fraternity, as such, was exported from the British Isles to the European continent, perhaps reflecting the small percentage of surviving Templars outside the British Isles.
The authors of book, "The Temple and the Lodge" were able to reliably trace the Templars to Scotland through the symbolism on their gravestones. Some of the gravestones were engraved with the shape of their sword; some with Masonic tools, particularly the square. Many of the 'working tools' of modern Freemasonry are also connected to the Templars in their active years. While such evidence provides little in the way of hard proof, it is as reliable as one can expect for the era.
There is nothing significant to suggest that these Templars left a legacy in terms of ‘imported’ French language or customs, therefore it must be concluded that either the surviving number was small; or that they didn’t assimilate with the local populations.
In this same light, the famous Roslyn Chapel of Scotland contains a fascinating and intriguing collection of Templar / Masonic symbolism. This particular building is the focal point of the Templar/Masonic connection and has recently attracted a phenomenal amount of research. Let it be sufficient to say that such history is too extensive to include in this writing.
OTHER ACCOUNTS
One of the most intriguing accounts in Masonic history came from the assertions of Baron von Hund, of Germany. The Baron claimed to have been initiated into a surviving Templar order which was called "The Order of Strict Observance" by a gathering of individuals who preferred to remain anonymous. Von Hund brought this order back to Germany, where it lasted for approximately thirty years.
As von Hund spread the teachings of this new order, he was constantly pressed for authentication. Von Hund could only reply that he didn't know the exact identities of those who had initiated him, but was on orders to await further contact.
Eventually, the interest in this new order died, for lack of historic proof. Von Hund went to his grave maintaining that he was telling the truth.
In support of von Hund's claim, the writers, Baigent & Leigh, discovered new and interesting evidence to support his claim. Through independent research, Baigent & Leigh assembled an identical list of Templar Grand Masters, matching von Hund's information. They also discovered the identity of one individual who was cryptically called, "The Knight of the Red Feather." That person was Alexander Seton, also known through marriage as Alexander Montgomery. According to information discovered by Baigent & Leigh, the "Order of the Temple" is currently maintained in the Montgomery family.
MASONIC EXPANSION
The Fraternity of Freemasonry was initially slow to spread on the European continent. The rapid expansion of Freemasonry in France is often credited to a Scot known as Andrew Ramsay, famous for what Masons are familiar with as "Ramsay's Oration." As a consequence of this oration, "Scottish" Freemasonry was born, to ultimately become the "Scottish Rite of Freemasonry." This rite will be discussed later.
Add to this intrigue, the 'Grail Romances.' These were the English tales of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. These were not so much arbitrary tales as they were a legend, which focused on the issues of justice, morality and chivalry. These issues were certainly characteristic of the Templars. In terms of factual history, while the grail romances are English, the name, Arthur, is most reliably connected to a Scottish knight and king of the Scottish people known in that time as 'Britons.' In essence, the Grail romances served to pass on a knightly and chivalrous legend under the nose of the Church, while evading allegations of heresy.
OF ALL THE IMAGES, WHY MASONRY?
In Freemasonry, the central theme of the craft contains the moral lessons learned during the Masonic version of the building of King Solomon's temple. The temple was destroyed three times. Who is there to rebuild it a fourth time, but, presumably, masons. According to biblical prophecies and many current religious beliefs, it will be rebuilt.
One quickly questions the significance of the central theme of King Solomon's temple. In short, the temple is the historically regarded as the greatest Earthly tribute to God. Remember that the Masonic fraternity (Master Masons Lodge) favors no particular religion; the requirement for membership is a belief in a Supreme Being.
On a related note, it is interesting to remember that the goal of the crusading Knights Templar was the retaking of Jerusalem - notably the Temple ruins. Although the Templars fought bravely for the cause of Christianity, there remains more than idle suspicion that they had a hidden and ambitious agenda.
THE FORMATION OF THE FRATERNITY
While in the early years of the fraternity of Freemasonry (post 1717), there were some brief attempts to make Freemasonry a uniquely Christian order, these attempts were short-lived and violently opposed. Such opposition is interesting in itself, as Freemasonry sprang from an intensely Christian environment. Additionally, the oppression of all other religions and beliefs was extremely common, including the oppression of the Jews.
Given the time in history when early fraternal Masonry developed, we must remember the oppression the populace suffered from both Church and crown. In this time frame, secrets were death warrants. Secret societies were an invitation to a torture chamber.
Stonemasonry offered two valuable characteristics, it was both a respected and a demanded craft; secrets were an accepted part of the trade. Further, such secrets were not to be found in written form. One must also remember that however powerful, even the royalty of the time were often unable to read or write; learned servants, particularly the clergy, were relied upon for such matters. Consequently, reliance on memory offset illiteracy while serving secrecy.
Up until recently, Freemasonry demanded that the fraternal teachings be strictly mouth-to-ear. Today, it is not entirely uncommon to still find that tradition in some Lodges.
Further, if the 'secrets' of the stone masons were readily available in written form, the compromise of these secrets would have been assured with complete loss of control of the stone craft. Often, such secrets were considered a national treasure, as well.
It is worth noting the near-secrecy of the Bible, itself, with the threatened stake-burning of Gutenberg, for having developed the printing press.
The great cathedrals of Europe represented a surprising leap in architecture. The architecture of these Cathedrals is referred to as "Cisterian-Gothic." The labor is attributed to a guild of masons known as the "Children of Solomon," instructed by the Cisterean Order. It is interesting to note that St. Bernard started the Cisterean Order and was also the individual who obtained the Catholic Church charter for the Templars.
Masonry, in its operative form, offered not only a private and safe environment, but also a fertile ground for philosophy; mechanical or moral. Masonry also offered another advantage - symbols. Secrets are valuable only if they are controlled. Thus, it is understandable that the operative masons also relied on a moral code to protect their craft and the wages it produced. The tools and symbols served as reliable mnemonic (memory) devices. In many of the few written documents of the operative masons, the theme of morality and integrity is quickly discovered. These elements were necessary for the prominence, growth and survival of the craft - or any organized society.
The stonemasons also enjoyed two historical events which enhanced the demand for their craft, the black plague (1348) and the great fire of London (1666). Whether it was the demand for manual skills, cathedrals or the rebuilding of the city of London, stonemasons were in demand; thus, they were also able to demand in return. Such demand was probably found in the form of higher wages. While wood was available, stone didn't burn.
With the "plague" killing one-third of Europe’s population, the population reduction killed any need for any cultural "growth" – including more cathedrals. Hence, the need for stonemasons fell radically. However, it is unknown, what percentage of available stonemasons died in the ‘plague.’ Yet, with approximately 300 years of minimal demand for stonemasons; how did the assumed low demand affect the number of surviving and skilled craftsmen? With much of the demand for stonemasons gone, how was their body of knowledge preserved – by whom? Given the general illiteracy, it must be contemplated that the ‘secrets’ were most typically passed as ‘oral traditions.’
From historical documents – following the great fire of London - we find English laws enacted which prevented the medieval equivalent of unionization of the various trades, particularly the stonemasons. Such statutes glaringly attest to the otherwise powerful position of the stonemasons. History also records that these laws were difficult to enforce; consequently, they were largely ineffective. The economic effect of such 'brotherhood, no doubt made its impression on many minds.
In most organized religions of the world, including Christianity, icons are prohibited. Thus, Masonry also being a philosophical institution, however secret, had the unusual freedom to utilize common tools as symbols to express moral lessons. Again, such symbolism enhanced the memories of those involved with the craft. Such symbolism remains dominant in the Masonic Lodges of today.
However, in the early years of the fraternity of Freemasonry, an independent system of morality would be seen as competition to the Church & thus became another secret, though tolerated, component of Masonry.
GEOMETRY.
At the core of fraternal Masonic symbolism is the science of Geometry; the foundation of the original stonemasonry. Geometry is characterized by three elements:
1. Physical Evidence
2. Logic
3. Truth
In a sentence, geometry offered truth as undeniable structure; provable fact. As a science, Geometry also served to teach people to think and to apply intuition toward a higher end. The theorems, corollaries and postulates of Geometry were a model for the logic of almost any system of information.
In the time of history in which fraternal Freemasonry initially developed, science, medicine, mathematics and other intellectual schools of thought were also evolving - with or without the Church's consent. It is probable that the organized thought process of Masonic geometry illustrated the power of intellect, thus inspiring organized thought in any field.
It should be remembered also that in the peak of the days of stonemasonry - the science of the craft (primarily geometry) - was the only significant pragmatic and valued system which approached science as it is known today. While there were other sciences evolving, the Church typically declared them a form of heresy - often inflicting brutal penalties. Again, it should be remembered that the Gutenberg printing press was initially regarded by the Church as a form of witchcraft.
One of the most important events of history was the Columbus expedition. Columbus was far more than an adventurer; he was a crusader for advancement of truth.
While the argument of advancing ships sails rising above the horizon has been offered as the core of Columbus's belief that the earth was round, there were more compelling evidences which couldn't have evaded all the minds of history. One of the most outstanding evidences in history was the circular shadow of the earth on the moon. Beyond that, it must have occurred to many that if a ship could fall off the alleged flat plane of earth, what happened to the gravid water of the oceans, its fish and the birds?
With the Renaissance (from 1300 to the beginning of the 1600’s), the Church's power waned and the intellectual position of stonemasonry began to change; geometry was slipping as the dominant "power science." Also, many of the key players of scientific thought were (speculative) Freemasons. These same individuals were instrumental in establishing the English "Royal Society." This institution was not only influenced and populated by Freemasons; it was endorsed and financed by royalty. This was the age of free thought; many of the same people were Rosicrucian’s, as well.
Science of that day equated to technology of today. One of the most prominent developments of this effort was the chronometer, which allowed radically more accurate ship navigation. It is interesting to note that, today, the heart of the computer microprocessor is its internal clock.
Although there are many who, at least mentally, divorce the modern fraternity from the operative stone-masons, there is an abundance of records which readily defeat this idea.
THE REGUIS POEM.
The oldest known document of Freemasonry is referred to as the "Regius Poem;" also known as the "Haliwell Manuscript." The Regius Poem, was discovered by James Halliwell in the archives of the British Museum in 1838. The lettering, language and type of parchment strongly indicate that the document was written in approximately 1390 A.D.
While the Regius Poem was probably written in the 14th century, it refers to a period of Masonic history in England, existing in the late 10th century. The document refers to the "Legend of York," forming the basis for the Masonic prominence of the English city of York. The city of York has been at the center of Masonic lore since the beginning of Freemasonry. The Reguis Poem includes the regulations and charges of the craft. These regulations are composed of fifteen articles and fifteen points, dealing with the spiritual, ethical and moral responsibilities of the ancient craftsmen. These same principles are discovered among the speculative Masons of today.
THE YORK LEGEND.
According to the York Legend, Athelstan, grandson of Alfred the Great, ruled from 924 to 940 A.D. as the first King of all England. According to the Regius Poem and other legends, Athelstan was a great patron of Masonry. Also, according to the legends, Athelstan constructed many monasteries, abbeys and castles. The legend indicates that Athelstan studied geometry, additionally importing learned men in geometry and craftmasonry. To create and maintain order in the Masonic work and correct any transgressors, Athelstan issued a charter to the masons to hold a yearly assembly at York – so says the legend.
The manuscript indicates that Athelstan "made" many Masons. According to the legends, Athelstan appointed his brother, Edwin, as the Grand Master and, according to the legends, the first Grand Lodge was held at York in 926. The legendary accounts suggest that the Constitutions of English Masonry were established in York and were allegedly based upon a number of ancient documents written in Latin, Greek and other languages. Unfortunately, there is no other supporting evidence of the York Legend.
Legends aside, one will find it curious that the King and Prince were both patrons of Masonry, presumably speculative patrons, as opposed to operative members of craftmasonry. Considering that this concept prevailed as early as 1390 A.D., it is easier to believe that a great many speculative members of high rank later joined Freemasonry in the 17th and 18th centuries. However, one question remains unanswered,
"Why would any of the nobility associate that closely with any group of workmen?"To better understand the answer to that question, let us regress to the time of the operative craft in England.
SAXON INFLUENCE ON ARCHITECTURE.
In the Saxon period of England, prior to the Norman invasion in 1066; A.D., most buildings were constructed from wood. A few small, crude stone churches remain from the Saxon period. Such stone work was typically in the form of crude natural stones laid to form walls.
From approximately 800 A.D. the Danish and Norse Vikings repeatedly raided England, destroying any churches within their reach. Consequently, few other stone buildings were constructed until after the Norman Conquest.
NORMAN INFLUENCE ON ARCHITECTURE.
When William the Conqueror invaded England, he brought Norman stonemasons, possessing advanced stone-working skills. These stonemasons initially served William by building stone castles which prevented the newly conquered lands from being retaken by the Saxons. The White Tower of the famous Tower of London, constructed in 1066, serves as an outstanding example of the work of the Norman stonemasons. William had this tower constructed within the regular defenses of the city. The base walls of the White Tower are 15 feet thick, tapering to 11 feet at the top.
Following the Norman fortress building, the Norman stonemasons next priority was the construction of cathedrals. The style of construction was Norman or Romanesque architecture, characterized by massive round pillars with round arches. This style lasted from 1066 until approximately 1200 A.D.
The foundations of the smaller churches of this period were often characterized by circular construction. The Temple Church built by the Knights Templar in London in 1185 A.D. is typical of this type of architecture. The Templar Church is an interesting mix of building styles. The exterior is distinctly Norman architecture, constructed with round arches with shallow buttresses supporting the walls. However, the interior of the church can be described as "transitional Gothic," characterized by lighter pillars with distinctly tapered or pointed arches. The Templar Church of London was fortunate to have survived the Great Fire of 1666. However, the church did lose its roof during an air-raid during WW II - since replaced.
It should be added that the Templars did not uniquely utilize rounded architecture; such was simply one of their traits.
GOTHIC INFLUENCE ON ARCHITECTURE
During the 12th century, Gothic architecture (from the Greek 'goetik', meaning 'magical') slowly replaced the Norman or Romanesque style. This new architecture was characterized by pointed arches and the flying buttresses.
Stonemasons from the European continent were brought to England by the nobility and clergy to construct higher, lighter and more magnificent cathedrals, employing the new designs. In addition to the more advanced skills and knowledge of operative stonemasonry, these continental masons also carried governing procedures for the craft. It is assumed that they also brought with them the legends and traditions of their historic roots. Many of these legends allegedly originated from the ancient mysteries of the Middle East and Egypt.
It should be remembered that the crusades to the Holy Land also occurred in the 12th and 13th centuries. The great distances required more rapid communication than had ever been required. The rapid changes of war and the consequent demand for communication also facilitated the transmission of knowledge in all areas, not just between the Middle East and the Western worlds.
THE RENAISSANCE
During the Renaissance period (1300 A.D. - 1600 A.D.) the progress of civilization accelerated in the western world. The Renaissance began in Italy, but advanced across Western Europe reviving and accelerating the interest in arts, literature, knowledge of all sorts, and certainly, architecture. The Renaissance created a middle class of skilled tradesmen who were required to efficiently accommodate the new awakening.
As the new middle class expanded, a greater educational need for common people was needed. Consequently, the application of sound reason diminished a nearly superstitious Church control of the population. It was not long before the secular rulers became increasingly dependent upon the wealthy tradesmen for the financial support of their kingdoms (loans) and military campaigns.
This control shift of national wealth additionally denied the royalty and Church the necessary or desired funds for their building projects as well. This monetary control shift subsequently lowered the demand for all the building trades, in favor of other enterprises.
With the decline in demand for their services, the stonemasons were no longer boarded or employed by either royalty or the Church. Consequently, the stonemasons are believed to have resorted to the formation of independent lodges, hopefully awaiting further employment. The stonemasons on the European continent and in England soon began to suffer from the unemployment.
It is assumed that the lodges of the stonemasons did not wish to entirely disband. As with such as war veterans of today, it may be assumed that there was a special ‘brotherhood’ to be found amongst the stonemasons – if for no other reason than a mutual survival group. Consequently, the craft as a skilled trade slowly transitioned to more of a fraternal organization. The survival of the fraternal version of the organization required the stonemasons to "accept" outsiders as "speculative" members of their lodges. These members became known as "accepted masons," a term which has survived to the present time.
By the mid 1600's, most of the lodges had transitioned to a more of a speculative atmosphere. By the end of the 17th century, the membership of the Masonic lodges was predominately "speculative." Given the predominately aristocratic quality of the speculative members, one must again question the underlying motivation of these speculative members. Aristocratic identification with any form of labor, skilled or otherwise, defied the imagination.
One cannot overlook the fact that many of the "lodge meetings" were local feasts with an abundance of frivolity and drink – no doubt flavored with some associated ‘wenching.’ It's not unlikely that the feast was a major portion of the attraction. No doubt the official meeting was independent of the feast, but such feasts were an integral part of European history.
THE CRAFTSMEN
As the cathedral building commenced in the late 10th century, local organizations of masons (lodges) were formed, providing an efficient environment for the erection of the stone buildings. Each "lodge" was dedicated to its individual structure. There were also similar organizations for carpenters, glass workers, sculptors, artists, etc. Some of the great cathedrals required construction periods exceeding 100 years. It is quite likely that many of the workmen spent an entire lifetime at one location. As a consequence of the time requirement, it is probable that a master of the stonemasons would be employed for the term of the construction. This master would establish his own organization, typically serving as the chief architect for the project. Under him would be other masters, assigned the various segments of the project.
Given the English climate, it can be reliably assumed that the stonemasons would first build a temporary structure which served as both a headquarters and a storage building. In all likelihood, the craftsmen were also boarded and fed in this building, probably referred to as a "lodge." Ultimately, the construction organization acquired the title of a "lodge."
The lodges were structured with apprentices, learning the craft, fellows of the craft, who were journeymen, and, of course, at least one master.
Surviving documentation indicates that the lodges were governed by written laws, rules, and regulations. These laws governed the lives of the workmen, further providing "charges" for the master and the craftsman which affected their personal conduct.
Each lodge had its own "trade secrets," possessed by each rank of the craft. Presumably, only the master possessed all of these trade secrets, which were primarily a science of geometry and the techniques applicable to the individual project.
Eventually, employment for the skilled stone masons became scarce in any particular locality. Later in history, the London Company of Freemasons was organized, which was to be the only group of its type occurring in England. This group, however, has never been a part of the guild system.
THE SYMBOLIC DEGREES OF FREEMASONRY
With the decline of castle and cathedral building, the stonemason's numbers also declined. As time went on, the stonemasons gradually admitted more and more non-craftsmen into their midst, until the "speculative" members outnumbered the original craftsmen.
In the early years of speculative Freemasonry, only two degrees were generally practiced; the Entered Apprentice and Fellowcraft. Anderson's Constitution of 1723 only refers to these two degrees. There are no known written rituals for the degrees of that time. Masonic historians have only been able to speculate on their content from published exposés of that period. It appears that, initially, that the degrees were conferred by a lecture and the communication of the grips and words of recognition, without significant ritual.
Various Biblical legends are known to have been applied within the craft, with respect to morals and practices during the operative period. The available references suggest that these dedicated teachings were not firmly integrated with degree conferrals until approximately 1720 (following the establishment of the Grand Lodge [Moderns] in 1717). It is uncertain as to where this practice originated, however, the practice began to spread throughout the speculative lodges of England.
In 1725, the ‘Moderns’ Grand Lodge of England began permitting its subordinate lodges to "make Masters." Previously, a Fellowcraft was considered to be "a master of his trade," as opposed to the Master was considered to be the "master of the company." The earliest known record of the conferral of a Masters Degree in a formally chartered lodge occurred in 1732. The 1738 version of Anderson's Constitutions used the term "Master Mason" in several instances, as opposed to the 1723 edition, which referred only to Fellowcraft Masons.
THE SYMBOLIC (BLUE) LODGE
[Master Mason’s Lodge]
It is from this background that the three degrees of the Master Mason's or "Blue Lodge" evolved. (The reference to "blue" lodges borrows the European concept that the color blue is the color associated with benevolence, friendliness, loyalty and fidelity.) Consequently, the color for the apron borders, collars, and other regalia of the Symbolic Lodge is also blue. Masonic symbolism often artistically portrays the background of the 'starry-decked' heaven as being blue.
Today, the Symbolic or "Blue" Lodges in the United States and England confer only the degrees of Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft, and Master Mason.
The Symbolic Lodge, or "Blue" Lodge, forms the foundation of Freemasonry. The Blue Lodge is the local body which implements the basic Masonic programs and policies. It would almost seem that the primary mission of the Blue Lodge is to create new Master Masons and maintain the foundation of Freemasonry through normal Lodge operations and through education of its membership. However, the Master Mason Lodges are, in fact, a bit offended by the "appendant" bodies, which seem to deplete the Master Mason Lodges.
The officers of a Lodge vary slightly in different jurisdictions, however, the following list is reasonably standard:
Worshipful Master
Senior Warden
Junior Warden
Treasurer
Secretary
Senior Deacon
Junior Deacon
Stewards (2)
Chaplain
Marshal (typical)
Organist (typical)
Tyler
The ritual of the Entered Apprentice degree advocates the principal tenets of Freemasonry; those being, Brotherly Love, Relief and Truth. These are portrayed as the requirements for a well ordered life. The principles of this degree create the basis for future lessons in moral and spiritual development. The Entered Apprentice Degree teaches the "young" Mason to utilize the philosophy of the symbolic working tools of an Entered Apprentice so as to bring spiritual and moral light into his life.
The Fellowcraft degree guides the "mature" candidate so that he may attain the state of a finished workman. In ancient stonemasonry, the Fellows of the Craft were not yet equipped with the secrets and wisdom of a master. It was the fellowcraft who performed the major portion of the work in the construction of the ancient castles and cathedrals. The Fellowcraft degree of Freemasonry emphasizes the importance of the five senses, as well as the development of the Mason's mind and life by utilizing the teachings of the liberal arts and sciences.
The Master Mason's degree imparts further "elderly" wisdom, directing the candidate toward a daily quest for additional light and wisdom. The Master Mason degree imparts the exalted truths, required for a well grounded life on Earth, while creating the hope for eternal life.
Various documents also indicate that a number of English lodges began conferring the degrees of Mark Master, Installed Master, The Royal Arch, and Knight Templar. These will be discussed later.
THE MASONIC APRON
According to Masonic teachings, the ancient craftsmen wore leather aprons to protect themselves from flying chips as they chiseled the stone. Therefore, the apron was adopted by the speculative Masons as being the "badge" of a Mason. However, the assertion that an apron was used by the stonemasons is not supported by documented history. Again, it is important to honor the element of tradition. It is probable that the apron originated as a highly simplistic and easily concealed 'uniform' during the time when Masonry was, in fact, a secret society.
The traditional material for the apron is white lambskin or leather; said to be a badge of innocence. Many draw this as a Templar connection, based on the basic Templar uniform, white being the symbol of purity.
In the 1700s, it was popular to embroider or paint Masonic symbols on the Mason's apron. Many of these decorations were very beautiful, portraying various symbols and aspects of Freemasonry. Many of the remaining aprons of that era portray symbols of the Royal Arch and Knights Templar. These remaining aprons of that era are displayed in the various Masonic Lodges and museums. The museum of the Grand Lodge of Scotland in Edinburgh displays one of the finest collections of these Masonic aprons.
Madame Lafayette embroidered a Masonic apron as a personal gift to George Washington, in 1780. This apron strongly suggests that he received the degree of Mark Master and possibly the Royal Arch degree.
In the United States, Masons typically wear a plain white leather or cloth apron. The aprons of lodge officers and past officers typically have blue borders and display various Masonic symbols, including the emblem of their lodge rank.
MASONIC SYMBOLISM
As ancient craft masonry developed, it became obvious that the arts and sciences employed by the craftsmen had very ancient roots. The various legends which composed the lore of the craft assigned moral and spiritual values to many of the working tools and geometric concepts of the craftsmen.
In the original craftmasonry, only the master was in possession of all knowledge in the advanced uses of the working tools and the algebraic and geometric principles. These teachings were not collectively known by the lesser ranks.
Each of the working tools was assigned a moral value. According to these teachings, the common gavel is taught as a tool to shape character, the plumb represents rectitude of conduct, the square is taught as a tool to square a Mason's actions with their fellow man. There were many other moral teachings. Each craftsman was encouraged to dedicate his life to improving his character in step with his workmanship.
One example of these teachings is the "point within the circle." The principle of the "point within the circle" was the most accurate method available to construct or test (try) the builder's square. The use of the "point within the circle" diagram was one of the master's secrets. If the working tools of the craftsmen were periodically "tried," (proven) it was then almost impossible for their tools or their skill to deteriorate.
In the lore of the so-called "ancient mysteries," the circle represents the sun. The circle or sun was flanked by two perpendicular parallel lines representing the solstices. This imagery was adapted in a spiritual sense by placing the name of God in the center of the circle; the parallel lines representing the power and wisdom of God.
In the symbolism of Freemasonry, the name of God was removed, substituting a point or dot. The Holy Bible was added to the top of the circle. In the Masonic use, the parallel lines represent the Holy Saints John, the patron saints of Masonry. As in the ancient mysteries, the two parallel lines represent the solstices, which represent the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn; as the sun never extends beyond these points. The dates of the solstices are, June 21st and December 21st. These dates closely coincide with the feast days of the Masonic patron saints of St. John the Baptist being June 24th, and of St. John the Evangelist, December 27th.
The fraternity has selected numerous images and emblems to symbolize moral teachings. Many of these images do have their origin in the superstitions of the ancient mysteries. However, Freemasonry avoids superstition, using these symbols to exclusively represent current moral teachings.
The Sacred Book of Divine Law, typically the Bible, is placed upon the altar of the Lodge. This is also often referred to as the "Volume of Sacred Law," avoiding any hint of religious prejudice. Many Lodges have a variety of religious "Volumes of Sacred Law" on the Altar, at the same time.
The Masonic working tools, such as the compasses, the twenty-four inch gauge, the common gavel, the plumb, square, level, and trowel, are presented in the context of additional moral teachings to the members.
The fraternity utilizes a long list of symbols and emblems to portray various spiritual or moral lessons. Freemasonry places elementary values upon each of the symbols. The individual member is left to further interpret these values and then apply them in his daily life.
THE HOLY SAINTS JOHN
The Masonic lodges are dedicated to St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist.
From the earliest writings of the craft, St. John the Baptist has been the patron of Freemasonry. However, St. John the Evangelist was selected as a patron saint of the craft at a much later date.
During the medieval years of operative masonry, St. Thomas was the original patron saint of architects and builders, and therefore he was also the patron saint of operative masons.
The Saints John were selected according to their personal attributes, as the teaching of the Saints John exemplify the Masonic teachings.
St. John the Baptist is remembered for his personal integrity which allowed him to adhere to the obligations he felt he owed to God and to his fellow-man, under the most adverse circumstances. While he condemned vice, even to kings, he also preached repentance and the mandate of a virtuous life (Luke 3: 214). Unfortunately, his convictions ultimately cost him his life.
St. John the Evangelist preached the need and the cultivation of brotherly love, as expressed in the entire thread of his Gospel and Epistles. The Masonic teachings reflect the First Epistle of John.
While the Saints John are remembered for highly admirable virtues, it is interesting to note that their birthdates are in very close approximation to the Summer and Winter solstices. While speculative at best, it makes one wonder whether or not the birthdays of the saints were converted in the same fashion as Christmas being a converted pagan (winter solstice) holiday, as many know, Jesus was not born on December 25th; March 7th is often cited as historically correct.
THE INTRIGUE
What did common stone masons possess that could entice the nobility of the time to join their number as "speculative" members? In all likelihood, the answer is the basis for their existence, which was founded upon reliable facts, unfailing loyalty and a system of morality and integrity.
The stone masons made their living on powerful and unchanging facts, depending on the loyalty and integrity of the members of the craft. The stone masons would have been highly critical thinkers, given to believing only verifiable facts. The theorems, postulates and corollaries of "Geometry" also taught people to logically think – for themselves. That detracted from the "blind faith" of the Church, or the ‘propaganda’ of the crown.
In all probability, the stone masons made a science out of accumulating interesting, accurate and useful information of all types, including factual details of history. Unfailing facts and truth fueled their existence. Within the operation of the stone craft, rapid and accurate communication would also have been a necessity.
It should be remembered that there has rarely been found a civilization which wasn't overrun with corruption and avarice. The demand for the stone craft would have its membership essentially immune from attack by Church or crown. It probably would have been perceived that the deepest secrets of the craft served God and king alike. Being regarded strictly as a working class, stone masons would not represent any threat to the nobility or Church.
It is therefore likely that the interested nobility looked to the stone masons as reliable sources of history, for information, and as spies and couriers. The craft honor code served to protect their membership. Consequently, a speculative member stood the advantage of being well informed, served and protected. The brotherhood o
