10,000 Famous Freemasons By William R. Denslow

10,000 FAMOUS

FREEMASONS

WILLIAM R. DENSLOW

Volume I

A- D

Foreword by

HARRY S. TRUMAN, P.G.M.
Past Master, Missouri Lodge of Research

Published by
Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co., Inc.
Richmond, Virginia

It is a great pleasure and satisfaction to me that the Missouri Lodge of Research is to publish four volumes containing the biographies of ten thousand or more Freemasons who have contributed to the history of the Free World.

We know that research is the most important step in the study of history. Comprehensive and accurate information must be available for those who would interpret trends in world happenings.

History is made by men. It is therefore necessary to know about the men who have made history. In the study of the past we must know the motives that inspired men who made history. Events and dates are of no value unless we can discover what caused those events at the dates stated in what passes for history.

Plutarch in Roman times and Abbott in recent times wrote biographies of great men. Thousands of words about the subjects of these biographies have been written by other famous men—Shakespeare, for instance, and Milton and Emerson and Toynbee.

Perhaps these Masonic biographies will cause future historians, authors and playwrights to appreciate what has been done since these great books were written. Then people of future generations will have a fair basis for the evaluation of our times.

This is the first of four projected volumes entitled 10,000 Famous Freemasons, a much needed Masonic research project, sponsored by the Missouri Lodge of Research.

Perhaps the title is misleading, for the men listed herein, in the main, have not been famous primarily for their contributions to Freemasonry, but they are 10,000 famous or interesting personalities who have made their names in other fields. However, they have been, or are, members of the fraternity. There are hundreds of professional Freemasons and thousands of Masonic dignitaries who will not be mentioned. Their biographies have been inscribed in the various proceedings and annals of Freemasonry and will not be given here. A few national heads, founders and Masonic authors will be the exceptions.

These volumes do not cover any particular country or time, but, on the contrary, are world-wide in scope and cover the famous men from the beginnings of Freemasonry down to, and including, the present year.

Many volumes and pamphlets have been written on "Famous Freemasons." This work will exceed them all in scope, and, we hope, in accuracy. Nevertheless it is only a start on the vast amount of material that is available in the field of Masonic biography. It is a continuing process and tomorrow may lift a brother to prominence or rob another of his laurels.

It is difficult to establish a criteria for inclusion in these volumes. The reader will note, for instance, that many famous Freemasons have been overlooked, whereas many famous men who were anti-Masons are included. Former members who have been "back sliders" are noted as such when it comes to our attention and famous men who have been expelled are listed also. We have given the facts and have not attempted to claim what was not ours.

The last volume of this series will include an addenda of the many worthy brethren who have been omitted, and we will rely on our readers to bring these names to our attention so that they may be included.

To understand the difficulties in preparing a volume of this type, let us explain how it has been accomplished. Five years ago, we microfilmed and reprinted several thousand biographical cards in the library of the House of the Temple, Supreme Council, 33°, AASR (SJ). This kind gesture of the Southern Supreme Council is appreciated. This basic card file started our research. In the intervening five years, we have increased our 3 x 5 reference file from the original group to the amazing total of approximately 60,000 cards. To do this, we have read, marked and pasted on 3 x 5 cards, all the biographies in the current Who's Who, the two volumes of Who Was Who and the Who's Who Supplements. The majority of our references, however, have come from thousands of Masonic books and periodicals which we have indexed during this period. This is a continuing process, and we add a dozen or more biographical cards a day to our files. This card file is supplemented by an extensive biographical file for more lengthy material.

We already have mentioned the valuable assistance given by the Scottish Rite, Southern Jurisdiction, for the part it contributed to this project. The York Rite also has donated heavily by paying the salary of the author and his staff of The Royal Arch Mason magazine for the many hours they have spent working on these volumes. They have bought card files, cards, books and other material that has been necessary in compiling the original material. The contribution of the General Grand Chapter, Royal Arch Masons will run into five figures before the project is completed.

The compiler wishes to express his appreciation to Ray V. Denslow, Nada W. Hoffman and Juanita D. Denslow for their help in copyreading and proofreading and to Hazel H. Jackson for maintaining the card files.

These volumes will stand as a memorial to the criticism of our detractors. What other group of men in the world has accomplished so much? A perusal of these biographies will indicate that a great proportion of the liberators, patriots, royalty, explorers, statesmen, judges, inventors, soldiers, sailors, musicians, entertainers, aviators, and business executives have seen fit to honor our fraternity with their membership. For more than 200 years Freemasonry has produced men of leadership, morals and vision; men of knowledge; men of science; men of war; men who would free their people from the oppressor; men who would fight to maintain that liberty—and men who would offer a helping hand to the downtrodden. They are, indeed, brethren of whom we may be proud!

John Aasen A giant 8' 6" tall who, when raised in Highland Park Lodge No. 382, Los Angeles on July 14, 1924, weighed 536 lbs. The raising was done by Arthur S. Crites, G.M. and all ritualistic ceremonies were observed except that 12 craftsmen were required. Fifteen hundred witnessed the ceremony. Aasen appeared in a number of motion pictures including The Circus.

Leon Abbett Governor of New Jersey, 1885-1887. Past master Mystic Tie Lodge No. 272, New York City. Demitted to Varick Lodge No. 31, Jersey City and later to Temple Lodge No. 110. Was representative to G.L. of Ireland from G.L. of New Jersey from 1886 to 1894. Member of Ancient Chapter No. 1, R.A.M., New York City.

Bud Abbott Radio, stage and screen performer. b. Asbury Park, N.J., Oct. 2, 1898. Began as a cashier in theatres in 1916 and became famous with the founding of the team "Abbott and Costello." Sold 78 million in war bonds on a 31 day tour during WW2 and entertained in 300 Army and Navy camps. A Mason and a Shriner.

Leon M. Abbott (1867-1932) Grand Commander of Supreme Council AASR (NJ) PGM of Mass. Raised in Columbian Lodge, Boston, June 7,1894. PHP of St. Paul's Royal Arch Chapter, Boston.

Robert 0. Abbott (1824-1867) Surgeon General of the U.S., 1862-67. b. in Pennsylvania, he entered the army in 1849 as assistant surgeon and accompanied Magruder's battery to California. He subsequently served in the East and also in Florida and Texas. During 1861 he was assistant to the chief medical purveyor of New York and later medical director of the Fifth Army Corps. The duties of his office were arduous and he died of overwork. Mentioned as a Mason in the District of Columbia proceedings of 1865.

William R. Abbott (1869-1950) President of Illinois Bell Telephone Co. 1922-30; chairman of the board, 1930-34. b. Sept. 18, 1869 in New York City. Began as clerk for Erie Railroad in 1885 and with the Westchester (N.Y.) Telephone Company in 1888. Was with Illinois Bell from 1893, becoming general superintendent, general manager, vice president and president. Mason and Knight Templar. d. Mar. 2, 1950.

Abd-el-Kader (1807-1883) Algerian patriot and emir of Mascara. b. near Mascara, his family were Sherifs or descendants of Mohammed, and his father, Mahi-ed-Din, was celebrated throughout north Africa for his piety and charity. He received an excellent education in theology, philosophy and the manly arts such as horsemanship. After the French had taken possession of Algeria (1830) the Arabs entreated Mahi-ed-Din to become their 1st Duke of Abercorn sultan, which he did, but immediately abdicated in favor of Abd, his son. Abd, at the head of 9,000 troops marched toward Oran to drive out the French. The fighting was bitter, but the French remained in possession of the city. For the next 13 years he stubbornly resisted the French conquest of Algeria, but in 1847 when they massed 120,000 troops against him, he was forced to surrender under these tremendous odds. Although promised that he would be allowed to go to Alexandria, he and his family were detained in Europe for five years. In July, 1860, he was active in defending the Christians against the murderous attacks of the Moslems in the Christian quarters at Damascus. In recognition of saving many lives, he received decorations and presents from many countries.. The remainder of his life was occupied in public devotions, religious instruction and practical charity. A biography published in London in 1867 records this interesting episode: "Abd-el-Kader had just succeeded in achieving, after much toil and self-abnegation, the highest distinction to be attained in a religious profession, dogmatic and exclusive. By a singular contrast he now wished to wear the badge of a society based and established on the principle of universal brotherhood. The Masonid body in Alexandria hastened to welcome the illustrious neophyte. The Lodge of the Pyramids was specially convened for the occasion on the evening of 18th of June (1867). Abd-el-Kader was initiated into the mysteries, and to the privileges of being a 'Fellow of the Prophet,' added the more time-honored privilege of being a 'Free and Accepted Mason.' " He died at Damascus on May 26, 1883.

James, 1st Duke of Abercorn (18111885) 10th Earl, 2nd Marquis and 1st Duke of Abercorn. Grandson of 1st Marquis; lord lieutenant of Ireland(1866-68; 1874-76). Grand Master of Ireland 1874-1885.

James, 2nd Duke of Abercorn (18381913) Eldest brother of Lord George Francis Hamilton. Was official figurehead of the Irish landlords in land war and opposed home rule. Grand Master of Ireland in 1886 succeeding his father, the first duke.

James, 7th Earl of Abercorn (James Hamilton) (?-1744) Privy Councilor of England. Named Grand Master of England by the retiring Grand Master, Duke of Richmond, in 1725. He was at that time master of a lodge and had served on the committee of charity during that year. Succeeded his father as Earl of Abercorn in 1734. Died, 1744.

John W. Abercrombie (1866-1940) Educator and public official. President of University of Alabama 190211. State supervisor of teacher certification in Alabama 1935-40. Acting Secretary for U.S. Department of Labor 1918-20. Member of 63rd and 64th Congress 1913-17. Member of Alabama Senate 1896-98. Mason and 32° AASR.

Sir Ralph Abercromby (1734-1801) British general who led the expeditionary force that conquered St. Lucia and Trinidad in 1795-96. He commanded troops in the Mediterranean in 1800, defeated the French at Alexandria in 1801 and died of wounds received there. He is credited with restoring the discipline and efficiency of the British army. Member of Canon-gate Kilwinning Lodge No. 2, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Charles Aberdour (Lord Sholto) Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of England (Moderns) from 1757-61 and 20th Grand Master Mason of Scotland, 1755-56. He was later the 15th Earl of Morton.

2 Sir Allan Adair b. Sept. 7, 1887 at Petersburg, Va. Transportation specialist, Dept. of Commerce 1928-53; executive secretary Pan American Railway Congress since 1949. Raised in Powhatan Starke Lodge No. 124, Petersburg, Va. on Sept. 5, 1919. Member of Columbia Chapter No. 1, Washington, D.C. 32° AASR (SJ) in Albert Pike Consistory, Washington, D.C. May 28, 1946. Member of Almas Shrine Temple, 1946; Washington Chapter No. 3, National Sojourners, George Washington Camp of Heroes of '76. Past president (1944) of advisory board of Masonic Clubs of D.C. Past deputy state president of National League of Masonic Clubs.

Robert S. Abernethy Brigadier General, U.S. Army. b. Aug. 5, 1874 in Gonzales Co., Texas. Commissioned lieutenant in 1897 and promoted through grades to general rank on Oct. 1, 1932. Served in the Spanish American War and in the Philippines. Commanded 175th Field Artillery Brigade, A.E.F. in WW1. His last command was San Francisco Port of Embarkation and he retired in 1938. Member of Summerton Lodge No. 105, Summerton, N.C. and served as national president of the National Sojourners from 1937-40.

Thomas G. Abernethy Congressman from Mississippi. Member of 76th to 84th Congresses. b. May 16, 1903 at Eupora, Miss. Lawyer. Received degrees in Eupora Lodge No. 423 and presently member of Prairie Lodge No. 87 at Okolona, Miss. Member of Royal Arch Chapter and Commandery, K.T. at Okolona and Hamasa Shrine Temple at Meridian, Miss.

Edmond Francois Valentin About (1828-1885) French journalist, novelist, playwright and member of the French Academy. Author of Le Roi des Montagnes (1856), Le Nez d'un Notaire (1862) and Madelon (1863). Mason.

George, 5th Earl of Aboyne (George Gordon) (1761-1853) Soldier; succeeded as 5th Earl of Aboyne in 1794 and the 9th Marquis of Huntly in 1836. Was Grand Master of Scotland in 1802-03.

Antonine Firmin Abraham A Freemason who made himself notorious at Paris in the beginning of the 19th century by the manufacture and sale of false Masonic diplomas and by trading the higher degrees, from which traffic he reaped a harvest for some time.

Herbert Abraham President of Ruberoid Co. since 1903. b. July 9, 1883, New York City. President of Asphalt Roofing Industry Bureau three terms. Served on War Industries Board, Washington, 1917-18. Mason.

Allen Abrams Vice president of Marathon Corp. since 1940 and Director since 1943. Deputy Director of development and research for O.S.S. in 1943-44. b. Jan. 27, 1889. Mason.

Benjamin Abrams President of Emerson Radio and Phonograph Corp. Came to this country from Romania at the age of 12. Left school at 13 to help support his fatherless family and by the age of 29 had acquired the name, assets and presidency of the Emerson Corp. His career is studded with "firsts"; the radio-phonograph, the smallest radio and commercial television. Famed for his philanthropy to national and international projects. He is a member of Farragut Lodge No. 976, New York City.

Franz Abt (1819-1885) German composer. b. Eilenberg Saxony d. Wiesbaden. Composed a number of cantatas and songs for the lodge for use on St. John's Feast Days. Initiated in Brunswick Lodge in 1853.

Sir Allan Adair British Major General created the 6th Baron in 1938 of baronetcy established in 1888. Served with Grenadier Guards in 1916-17 and was in command of the 3rd Bn. in 1940; the 30th Guards Brigade in 1941; and the 6th Brigade in 1942; when he was given command of the newly formed Armored Division of the Guards which he retained until the end of WW2 and led in the epic dash of 1944 from the Seine to the relief of Brussels. It was regarded as one of the most gallant achievements of the European liberation. His only son (a captain) was killed when the Guards attacked Mount Camino in Italy, Nov. 1943. Since 1951 he has been second in command of the Queen's Bodyguard of the Yeomen of the Guard. Commander of the Bath; DSO; M.C. He entered Masonry in April, 1924 in Household Brigade Lodge No. 2614, serving as master. Appointed assistant grand master of the G.L. of England in 1953. A member of most of the Masonic rites in England.

E. Ross Adair Congressman from 4th Indiana district to 82nd Congress. b. Dec. 15, 1907 at Albion, Ind. Admitted to bar in 1933 and since practiced at Fort Wayne. Served in army overseas in WW2. Raised in Albion Lodge No. 97, Albion, Ind. in 1929. 32° AASR in Fort Wayne, Ind. Shriner, National Sojourner, Tall Cedar member.

Hugh R. Adair Justice, Supreme Court of Montana from 1943 and chief justice since 1947. b. Aug. 27, 1889 at Trego Co., Kansas. Served in both bodies of Montana state legislature and was lieutenant governor from 1937-41, addressing the Grand Lodge of Montana in this capacity in 1938. Past potentate of Algeria Shrine Temple.

Jackson L. Adair Congressman, judge. b. Feb. 23, 1888 at Clayton, Ill. Graduated from Univ. of Michigan in 1911 and admitted to bar in Michigan, Okahoma and Illinois, first practicing in Muskogee, Okla. in 1911-13 and then in Quincy, Ill. Illinois state senator in 1928-32 and member of the 73rd and 74th Congresses (1933-37) from 15th district. Has been U.S. district judge, Southern Illinois district since 1937. Mason.

Alva Adams (1850-1922) Governor of Colorado 1887-89; 1897-99. Candidate for governor in 1904 and was declared elected, being seated on Jan. 10, but on March 20, 1905 he was ousted by legislature which gave the office to James H. Peabody, who served one day and resigned. Member of first Colorado legislature in 1876. U.S. Commissioner-General to Australia, New Zealand, Java, Siam, and China. Knighted in Pueblo Commandery No. 3, K.T. Jan. 15, 1884; 32° January 29, 1890 in Denver. Active member of Supreme Council AASR (SJ). b. Iowa Co., Wis., May 14, 1850; d. Battle Creek, Mich., Nov. 1, 1922.

Alva B. Adams (1875-1941) U.S. Senator from Colorado, 1923-45. b. Oct. 29, 1875 at Del Norte, Colo. Graduate of Yale and Columbia universities, and admitted to Colorado bar in 1899, practicing at Pueblo. d. Dec. 1, 1941. Mason.

Andrew Adams (1736-1797) Signer of Articles of Confederation in 1777 and chief justice of Supreme Court of Connecticut. b. in January, 1736 in Stratford, Conn. Graduated from Yale in 1760 and practiced at Stamford and Litchfield. Member of state legislature in 1776-81; delegate to Congress in 1777-80 and again in 1781-82. Appointed judge of state supreme court in 1789, he was made chief justice in 1793. He was an adroit lawyer and an able judge. Member of St. Paul's Lodge No. 11, Litchfield, Conn. d. Nov. 26, 1797.

Charles F. Adams (1876-1946) Business executive who pioneered and developed National League hockey in U.S., 1925. Governor of the league 1925-37; Director and chairman of board of Eastern Racing Association 1935-43. Director Boston National League Baseball Association 1927-35. Knight Templar and Shriner. b. Oct. 19, 1876, in Newport, Vt. d. Oct. 1, 1946.

Claude M. Adams Brigadier General U.S. Army (1943). Executive officer and aide-de-camp to General G. C. Marshall, chief of staff; military attache to Brazil 1942-44. Served in WW1 as lieutenant. Vice president of O'Donnell Shoe Corp. Mason. b. Hum-bolt, Tenn., Oct 2, 1895.

Frank R. Adams Author and playwright. Has written about 20 novels, a score of musical comedies, several motion pictures and a book of lyrics of musical comedy. b. July 7, 1883 at Morrison, Ill. Graduate of Univ. of Chicago in 1904. Mason.

Jasper Adams (1793-1841) Clergyman and educator. b. Aug. 27, 1793 in Medway, Mass. Graduate of Brown Univ. and studied theology at Andover. Math professor at Brown and at same time ordained in Episcopal church. Became president of the college of Charleston in 1824, and Hobart College (Geneva, N.Y.) in 1826. Served as professor at West Point from 1838-40. Raised in Mt. Vernon Lodge No. 4, Providence, R.I. in Sept., 1821. d. Oct. 25, 1841.

John Adams American Revolution (naval). Purser on ship Raleigh during Revolution. Member St. John's Lodge No. 1, Portsmouth, N.H.

John Quincy Adams (1767-1848) Sixth President of the United States 1825-29. An anti-Mason who a year before his death published a book of his letters against the Masonic fraternity which amounted to an expose.

John T. Adams (1873-1942) Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Colorado,1931-34. b. Dec. 25, 1873 at La Porte, Ind. Admitted to bar in 1900. Named to Supreme Court of Colorado as justice in 1925, serving last part of term as chief justice. Resumed law practice in 1935. Mason. d. May 13, 1942.

Karl L. Adams (1888-1948) President of Northern Illinois State Teachers College at DeKalb, Ill. from 1929. b. Sept. 5, 1888 at Lexington, Ohio. Mason. d. Dec. 6, 1948.

Kenneth S. Adams Chairman of board of Phillips Petroleum Co. since 1951. President of Phillips from 193851. b. Aug. 31, 1899 at Horton, Kans. Began with Phillips as a warehouse clerk in 1920. Member of Bartlesville Lodge No. 284, Bartlesville Chapter No. 55, R.A.M.; Calvary Commandery No. 26, K.T. all of Bartlesville, Okla. 33° AASR (SJ) at Guthrie, Okla.; Kara Grotto, Bartlesville; Tulsa Court No. 47, Royal Order of Jesters, Tulsa; Akdar Shrine Temple at Tulsa; Wasono Shrine Club, Bartlesville, Bartlesville Scottish Rite Club. Member, Legion of Honor, Order of DeMolay and Trustee, Masonic Foundation of Oklahoma, Inc.

Myron E. Adams (1876-1930) Social Worker. D.D. Syracuse University 1898. Ordained Baptist minister 1905. Social worker in Rochester, N.Y.; Cleveland, Ohio; Buffalo and New York City. Organized and became first director of Department of Morale (under Chief of Staff U.S. Army) during WW1. Executive secretary of National Rehabilitation Comm. 1922; associated with Marshall Field and Albert A. Sprague in the Public Service Associates, Inc., 1922-26. Mason. b. Feb. 19, 1876. d. Jan. 17, 1930.

Richard Adams Privateer and Captain during Revolution. Member of St. Peter's Lodge, Newburyport, Mass.

Samuel Adams Signer, Declaration of Independence. No record of his Masonic affiliation although purported to have been made a Mason in St. John's Lodge, Boston, Mass.

Samuel Adams Governor of Arkansas in 1844. Member of Clarksville Lodge No. 5 (Ark.) and junior grand warden pro-tem of the G.L. of Arkansas in 1844.

Samuel E. Adams Active member of Supreme Council AASR (SJ). d. March 29, 1912. Raised in Vermont Lodge No. 18, Hartland, Vt. Exalted in Burlington (Vt.) Chapter No. 3, Feb. 14, 1855. Knighted in Burlington Commandery No. 2, Sept. 19, 1855. Received 33° from G.C. Albert Pike at Minneapolis, Minn. Aug. 23, 1885.

Sherman Adams Governor of New Hampshire; advisor to President Eisenhower. Elected governor of New Hampshire in 1949 and was the 40th Freemason to serve as governor out of a total of 67 since 1785. As advisor to Eisenhower he was often called "Assistant President," and was chief of the White House staff. Described as "tough-minded, aloof, knowing all the policies, aims, purposes and background." Makes many decisions on his own and is sometimes called "The Rock of Gibraltar." Knight Templar, 32° and member of Bektash Shrine Temple of N.H. Served in WW1 and traces kinship back to two presidents of the U.S. Speaker of N.H. House of Representatives 1943-44 and member of the 79th Congress. b. East Dover, Vt., Jan. 8, 1899.

Wilbur L. Adams (1884-1937) Congressman from Delaware 73rd Congress. Lawyer. Democratic candidate for U.S. Senate, 1934. b. Oct. 23, 1884. d. Dec. 4, 1937. Mason.

Henry Adamson Wrote the first printed reference yet discovered showing the Master's Word to be connected with the Rosy Cross. It occurs in his The Muses Threnodie—"For weare brethren of the Rosy Cross we have the Mason's Word.”

Sir Michael Adeane Private secretary to Queen Elizabeth of England and to her father, King George VI, to whom he acted, in a sense, as a Masonic aide-de-camp on many occasions. Represented George VI at installation of the Earl of Scarbrough as GM in 1951. A Knight of the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, he served as senior grand deacon of the Grand Lodge of England in 1946.

Charles Adkins (1863-1941) Congressman from Illinois 69th to 72nd Congresses (1925-33). Mason. Home, Decatur, Ill.

Jesse C. Adkins (1879-1955) Judge. Special assistant to the Attorney General from 1908 to 1916. Appointed Associate Justice, Supreme Court of District of Columbia in 1930. Chairman jud. sect. American Bar Assn., 1935. Mason. 32°. b. April 13, 1879. d. Mar. 29, 1955.

Julius Ochs Adler (1892-1955) Major General; vice-president and general manager of the New York Times. Fought in both WW1 and WW2 and was called a "Soldier's Soldier" by President Eisenhower. Was active in many Jewish, civic and patriotic endeavors throughout his life. The rank of general—which Adler carried proudly—was not honorary. He had been a civilian soldier for forty years. Since WW1, he had served the 77th infantry division. He left it during WW2 to lead other combat troops. After the war he rejoined the 77th and became the commanding general of this New York reserve unit. He started with the New York Times in 1914, and in directing its business management as well as that of the Chattanooga (Tenn.) Times, he helped maintain the high standards that have been a credit to the world of journalism. He was a member of Justice Lodge No. 753 of New York City. Adler died on October 3, 1955 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery on October 6.

Adolph Friedrich IV Duke of Mecklemburg-Strelitz (1738-1794) Initiated in 1772 by deputation of the lodge Irene zu den drei Sternen in Rostock, Germany. In 1774 he entered the lodge at New-Brandeburg remaining a member until his death.

Adolph Fredrik (1710-1771) King of Sweden 1751-1771. Was master of a Stockholm lodge and received the title of Protector of Swedish Freemasonry in 1762.

John S. Africa (1839-1900) Banker and grand master of Pennsylvania 1891-1892. Member Pennyslvania legislature, 1860. Secretary Internal Affairs of Pa. 1883-87. President Union Trust Co. of Philadelphia 1887-1900.

Gregorio Aglipay Chaplain General of the Philippine Army 1899-1901. Scottish Rite member. Later headed the Philippine Independent Church.

Andrew D. Agnew (1867-1951) Grand Master of the Grand Encampment, K.T. 1932-37. Native of Ireland. Lawyer. Active member of the Supreme Council (NJ), 1920. 33* in 1911.

Ignacio Agramonte (1841-1873) Cuban patriot and Freemason who participated in war which followed Cuba's declaration of independence in 1868. b. in Puerto Principe, he was commissioned under Cespedes and became leader of the revolts of 1868-69 against Spain. He was killed in battle.

Camillo Mora Aguilar Governor of province of San Jose, Costa Rica. Son of President Juan Rafa el Mora. An agriculturist. Member of Union Fraternal No. 10.

Joaquin Aguilar Magistrate of Supreme Court of Costa Rica. Member of the College of Lawyers. Esperanza Lodge.

Emilio Aguinaldo Philippine patriot and general. b. March 22, 1869, at Old Cavite, Luzon of Chinese and Tagalog parentage. Was educated in the home of a Jesuit priest and later in the University of St. Thomas, conducted by the Dominican friars in Manila. Was initiated Jan. 1, 1895 in Pilar Lodge under the Grand Orient of Spain, becoming master of the lodge. At the outbreak of the insurrection in August, 1896, he was mayor of Cavite Viejo. During this uprising, he took a prominent part, displaying a marked capacity for leadership. In 1898 Spain gave him a subsidy for remaining out of the country and he went to Hong Kong until the U.S. entered the war against Spain. Believing the time was ripe for a change in government, he returned immediately after the Battle of Manila, May 1, 1898, for the express purpose of assisting the American government. They gave him authority to set up a native government of which he became the head and organized an army. Having doubt as to the future freedom of his country under American rule, he began hostilities against the U.S. during the year 1899 and engaged in several pitched battles, but was driven from capital to capital until finally captured by General Frederick Funston at Palawan, Luzon on March 23, 1901. On April 19, 1901 he took an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and retired to a peaceful life. During the Spanish rebellion he organized the Triagle Magdalo, with other Freemasons and it later became Magdalo Lodge. The lodge held its meetings in Aguinaldo's residence. It was on the balcony of this residence that the proclamation of the First Republic and the unveiling of the original Philippine flag took place,

Charles T. Aikens June 12, 1898. Four months after his initiation into Freemasonry, he affiliated with the Katipunan, an organization patterned after Freemasonry with passwords and three degrees. Seeing this organization was the best means of gathering support for the revolutionary movement, he encouraged all able-bodied men to join it, and the success of the revolution, at least in Cavite, may be attributed to the Katipunan. When the Grand Orient of Spain fused with the G.L. of the Philippines in February 1917, Aguinaldo became a Scottish Rite Mason. He was coroneted a 33° on Feb. 13, 1955.

Charles T. Aikens (1862-1927) University president and Lutheran minister. Ordained, 1888. President of Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, Pa. from 1905. President of Lutheran Synod of Central Pa. 1897-1901. 32° AASR.

Marquess of Ailsa (1872-1943) Archibald Kennedy, 15th Earl of Cassillis, created Marquess of Ailsa in 1938. b. May 22, 1872. d. Feb. 27, 1943. The Kennedys are a famous and powerful Scottish family long settled in Ayrshire. Ancester John Kennedy of Dunure obtained Cassillis and other lands in Ayrshire about 1350. John's descendant Sir James Kennedy married Mary, a daughter of King Robert III and their son Sir Gilbert Kennedy was created Lord Kennedy before 1458. Gilbert's grandson David, third Lord Kennedy, was created Earl of Cassillis before 1530. In 1831 the 12th Earl of Cassillis became the first Marquess of Ailsa, taking the title from the craig which was his property. Archibald was educated at Eton College, Trinity College, Cambridge and Edinburgh universities. Served as major in the South African War (19001902) and was with the British Expeditionary Forces from Dec., 1914 to May, 1919. Later became a memberof the Royal Company of Archers and as such constituted a member of His Majesty's Bodyguard for Scotland. His services were called for in every large civic or national enterprise. He had held many high offices in Freemasonry, and was head of the Grand Chapter of Scotland for 30 years, being 1st Grand Principal from 1913 until his death in 1943. He made three Masonic visits to the United States, 1924, 1927 and 1933 for the purpose of settling jurisdictional differences with the General Grand Chapter over the chapters in the Philippines. On his death his titles passed to his brother Charles q.v. Initiated in Holy-rood House Lodge No. 44, Edinburgh, Nov. 17, 1896.

Marquess of Ailsa Charles Kennedy, 16th Earl of Cassillis and 5th Marquess of Ailsa upon the death of his brother, Archibald q.v., in 1943. b. April 10, 1875, he was educated at Eton and Royal Agriculture College Cirencester. Formerly captain Ayrshire Yeomanry and lieutenant 3rd Bn. Royal Scotts Fusilliers; served in South Africa 1900-1901 as captain, Prince of Wales Light Horse. As Lord Kennedy, he received most of his Masonic light in the United States, where he came after the African War. He was initiated in Acacia Lodge No. 11, A.F. & A.M. of Cheyenne, Wyoming April 4, 1905; passed May 25, 1905 and raised June 8, 1905. His petition for the capitular degrees was received by Lebanon Chapter No. 3 of Laramie, Wyo. on June 9, 1909 and was elected July 14. He received the MM and PM degrees Aug. 11, 1909. The MEM and RAM degrees were conferred by Nevada Chapter No. 56, of Nevada, Mo. by request of Lebanon chapter on March 14 and 22, 1910. About 1914 he was in Davenport, Iowa. He de-milted from the lodge in Nov. 15, 1921 and the chapter Nov. 9, 1921. In a letter to the chapter dated Dec. 10, 1919 he thanked them for remitting a year's dues because of his war service, stating that he left the U.S. in Nov., 1914 and joined the Ayrshire Yeomanry, Jan., 1915. He stated he "was passed as unfit for overseas service and at the end of 1916 was appointed an area gas officer. . . . I was attached to the 18th Division for a short time in France in 1918 on a tour of instruction. Until quite recently have been engaged in training in gas defensive measures and am now trying to get the bally stuff out of my system.”

William D. B. Ainey (1864-1933) Chairman Public Service Commission of Pa. and Congressman. Member of 62nd and 63rd Congresses (1911-15). Chairman of Public Service Comm. of Pa. 1915. Delegate to Interparliamentary Conference, Geneva, 1912 and to the Hague in 1913. Delegate to Interparliamentary Union, Paris, 1927. Mason.

James Ainslie Scottish clergyman, who in 1652 was the subject of an ecclesiastical investigation because he was a Mason and "possessed the Mason Word." On appeal to the Presbytery at Kelso, he was cleared "because in the purest tymes of this kirke, maisons haveing that word have been ministers.”

John C. Ainsworth (1870-1943) Financier. President of States Steamship Co.; president of Ainsworth National Bank, Portland, Oregon and its successor, the U.S. National Bank. Director of many corporations and the Federal Reserve Bank in Portland. 33° John C. Ainsworth (1822-1893) Transportation pioneer of the Pacific Northwest. Went West with the 1850 gold rush and soon settled in Oregon where he pioneered in transportation. He was the guiding genius of river steamboat transportation and his Oregon Steam Navigation Co. grew tothe Pacific Northwest division of the Union Pacific Railroad. His Portland bank was the largest in Oregon. Was an incorporator and promoter of the Northern Pacific Railway. Was raised in Farmington Lodge No. 9, Ohio and became the first master of Multnomah Lodge No. 86 (Mo. register), now Oregon No. 1. He helped organize the G.L. of Oregon and served as grand master 1854-55. In 1865 he was grand high priest of the Grand Chapter. Inspector general 33° AASR (SJ).

Milburn P. Akers Editor, political and editorial writer. b. May 4, 1900. Assistant to Secretary of Interior 1939-41. Executive secretary of Illinois Development Council 1937-39. Editor of Chicago Sun, 1941-42. Mason.

George E. Akerson (1889-1937) Secretary to President Hoover 192931; Hoover's assistant when Secretary of Commerce 1925-28. Washington correspondent and asst. managing editor of Minneapolis Tribune 1912-25. 32° at Minneapolis Feb. 27, 1929. Received Shrine at Washington, D.C. Apr. 29, 1929 as courtesy to Zurah Temple in Minneapolis.

Spencer B. Akin Major General U.S. Army. b. Feb. 13, 1889. B.S. Virginia Military Institute 1910. 2nd lt. U.S. Army, 1910 advancing through grades to brigadier general in 1941 and major general in 1943. Chief signal officer on staff of General MacArthur and later chief signal officer, Department of Army. Cited by Poor Richard Club for his reorganization of Army's system of communication to needs of atomic warfare. Mason.

Sir Adeyemo Alakija (1884-1952) Nigeria spiritual and political leader. Headed the Executive Council of the Colony and Protectorate in Nigeria, also a spiritual leader among the natives and respected public figure. Member Star of Nigeria Chapter No. 255, R.A.M. 23° AASR. Appointed grand superintendent over Royal Arch in the district both English and Scottish constitutions as well as head of the District Grand Lodge. Died April 9, 1952.

Miguel Ricardo de Alava (17711843) Spanish general and statesman. He participated in the Peninsular War under Wellington in 1811 and in 1815 was in the service of Ferdinand VII. He was a liberal leader and president of the Cortes in 1822, in which year he aided in the deposition of Ferdinand. In 1814 he was imprisoned for being a Freemason. Upon Ferdinand's restoration by the French in 1823, Alava fled to England. He was later in' the service of Maria Christina against Don Carlos. Named ambassador to London in 1834 and Paris in 1835, retiring to France after the La Granja insurrection.

Leopold, Duke of Albany Youngest son of Queen Victoria was initiated in Apollo University Lodge No. 357, Oxford, England May 1, 1874 and in May, 1875 became a member of Lodge of Antiquity. No. 2. Served as master of Apollo Lodge, 1876.

Juan Bautista Alberdi (1810-1884) Distinguished Argentine statesman, jurist and publisher. He was noted principally for his Bases, a treatise on American public right. Hostile to Rosas, he exiled himself to Uruguay where he studied law, later practicing in Chile. On the overthrow of Rosas by Urquiza q.v. he was successively named by the latter as minister to Paris, Madrid, Washington and London. Mason.

Albert Victor Christian Edward (see Duke of Clarence) Carl Albert Congressman from Oklahoma, 80th Congress (1947-49) Lawyer. b. May 10, 1908. Member of South McAlester Lodge No. 96, Mc- Alester, Okla. (1946), 32° Indian Consistory, AASR (SJ) and DeMolay Legion of Honor.

Casimir August Albert Duke of Saxony-Teschen (1738-1822) Last governor of the Austrian Netherlands. Brother of King Karl Christian Joseph. Initiated in Dresden, Germany, in lodge Zu den drei Schwestern, 1764.

Prince Albert Duke of York. b. December 14, 1895, in London. Provincial G.M. of Middlesex.

Albert-Edward, Prince of Wales (1841-1910) (see Edward VII of England) Eldest son of Queen Victoria. Initiated in Stockholm in 1868 by King Charles XV and made past grand master in 1870. In 1875 he received the AASR degrees. In 1875 he succeeded the Marquis de Ripon as grand master of England, an office which he held until his death in 1910.

Manuel Masimino Alberti (17631811) Catholic priest and Argentine patriot. Although a Catholic priest he joined Freemasonry and was active in events that led to the "open forum" on May 24, 1810 and the revolution of that year. He was one of the "junta," or council, then formed to rule the country.

Henri Christophe Albrecht (17631800) German Masonic writer. Initiated 1785. In 1792 he published at Hamburg a work entitled Materialen zu einer kritischen Geschichte der Freimaurerei (Collections towards a critical history of Freemasonry).

Ralph G. Albrecht Specialist in international law. Prosecuted Herman Goering and others before International Military Tribunal, 1945-46. b. Aug. 11, 1896 at Jersey City, N.J. Graduate of Univ. of Pennsylvania and Harvard. Admitted to bar in 1924. Associate counsel for American claimants against Germany in "Black Tom" and "Kingsland" explosions, 1924-39. Commander, U.S. Navy, 1941-45. Naval observer with American Embassy London, England and with Pacific Fleet, Pearl Harbor and Australia. Assistant Director O.S.S. (War Crimes) and assistant to attorney general, 1945. Raised in Dalhousie Lodge, Newtonville, Mass. on Nov. 16, 1921.

Horace M. Albright Conservationist. b. Jan. 6, 1890. Director National Park Service 1917-18; asst. director and superintendent Yellowstone National Park 1919-29. In charge of Yosemite National Park, 1927-28. Director National Park Service Jan. 12, 1929 to Aug. 10, 1933. Advisor, director and official of many national conservation projects. Member of Livingston Lodge No. 32, Livingston, Montana, being raised in June, 1923. He was given his degrees in a period of five weeks while in charge of Yellowstone National Park so that he would be a member in time to entertain President Harding in Yellowstone on June 30 and July 1, 1923.

James L. Alcorn Former Governor and Senator from Mississippi. Member Coahoma Lodge No. 104, Friar's Point, Miss. and Jackson Chapter No. 6, Jackson, Miss.

Alvin B. Alden (1818-1882) Did much for laying foundation of Freemasonry in Wisconsin. Grand master 1861-63; grand high priest 1863; grand commander 1866-68; sovereign grand inspector general, AASR.

Chester H. Aldrich (1862-1924) Governor of Nebraska and jurist. Admitted to Nebraska bar, 1891. Member Nebraska Senate, 1907. Governor of Nebraska 1911-13. Justice, Supreme Court of Nebraska 1919-25. Mason and Knight Templar.

Kildroy P. Aldrich 1st Assistant Postmaster General, 1943-45. b. Feb. 16, 1877. With postal department from 1897 to 1945, serving in various ca-pacities from postal clerk to assistant postmaster general. Raised in Siloam Lodge No. 276, Oklahoma City, Okla. in 1913 and a life member. Member of Missouri Consistory No. 1, St. Louis, Mo. (SJ).

Nelson W. Aldrich (1841-1915) U.S. Senator from Rhode Island from 1881 to 1911. b. Nov. 6, 1841 at Foster, R.I.; Graduate of Brown Univ. Member of R.I. House of Representatives from 1875-77, serving as speaker of same. Elected five times to U.S. Senate and declined nomination for reelection in 1910. A member of What Cheer Lodge No. 21, (past master) Providence and Providence Chapter No. 1 as well as Cavalry Commandery No. 13 which he served as commander in 1871. In 1879 he was grand commander of the Grand Commandery of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. d. Apr. 16, 1915.

Elizabeth Aldworth Said to be the only woman ever regularly initiated into Freemasonry. See "Elizabeth St. Leger.”

J. Frank Alee Former U.S. Senator from Delaware. Member Union Lodge No. 7, Dover, Del.

Miguel Aleman President of Mexico 1947-52. Petitioned Antiquities Lodge No. 9 of Grand Lodge Valle de Mexico on Sept. 25, 1930 as a young man of 26. Initiated Oct. 20, 1930; passed April 27, 1931 and raised July 31, 1931. He later demitted to City of Mexico Lodge No. 35. Received AASR degrees 4th through 32nd Nov. 24, 1942 by Grand Commander Antonio Arceo. Made a noble of the Mystic Shrine in Anezeh Temple of Mexico City on Nov. 27, 1945. Son of General Miguel Aleman, who as a revolutionist against Porfirio Diaz, fled to the mountains as an open rebel for three years before the general revolution of 1910, leaving 8-year-old Miguel as head of the house. By sellingpapers he worked his way through the law school of the National University and on graduation set up a thriving law business principally with labor unions and individual workers. His public life began as magistrate of the Veracruz Supreme Court. Was elected to the Senate and in 1936 was appointed Governor of Veracruz, serving until 1940. He resigned as governor to manage the election of his friend, General Avila Camacho, who, when he won, appointed Aleman as Minister of Interior. At 37, he was the youngest cabinet member and Camacho's principal trouble shooter between the federal government and the 28 states. In this capacity he won international recognition for tracking down some 2,000 German and Japanese nationals in deference to the U.S. He was nominated as president by the head of the Latin-American Federation of Labor and his campaign manager was the editor of the labor newspaper, El Popular. Industrialists backed him because he understood the technical necessities of Mexican industry. Scholars and professional men cheered him for his ability and brains. The old revolutionary generals liked his background and political philosophy, and the masses voted for him because he had given them more in the way of social reform than anyone within their memory. He was particularly interested in public education and transportation.

Alexander I (1777-1825) Czar of Russia from 1801-1825. b. Dec. 23, 1777 and succeeded Paul I q.v. on the throne in 1801. While he prohibited all secret societies in 1801, in 1803 he rescinded this prohibition. It is said that he was convinced by Johann Boeber q.v., later grand master of Russia, of the benefits of Masonry and he not only lifted the ban, but became a member himself. Some sources claim he was initiated in Canongate Kilwinning Lodge of Edinburgh, Scotland and in 1814 acted as master at the conferring of the degrees in a military lodge in Paris on William III, Emperor of Germany. He was, for certain, a member of the Polish Grand Orient. In November, 1815 the Polish Masons gave a banquet in his honor after which he left generous gifts for the Grand Orient. He has been accused of using Freemasonry for political purposes. d. Dec. 1, 1825 under mysterious circumstances. In 1822 he became suspicious of the political dangers inherent in some of the Russian lodges, and on the advice of Grand Master Kushelev of the Grand Lodge "Astra," banned Freemasonry on August 1, 1822. This date marks the destruction of Russian Freemasonry, for his successor, Nicholas I, confirmed the edict on April 21, 1826.

Alexander III (1241-1286) King of Scotland from 1349. Legend states he favored Freemasons and that Kilwinning Abbey was built under his guidance. Married Margaret, daughter of Henry III, in 1251. Defeated Norwegian invasion in 1263. United Hebrides and Isle of Man to the kingdom.

Abraham Alexander (?-1816) One of the founders of the Mother Supreme Council, Scottish Rite at Charleston, S. Car. He was born in London and emigrated to this country before 1764, settling in Charleston, where he became secretary to the collector of customs and later auditor. He became first secretary general of the Mother Supreme Council and seems to have been a member of Lodge La Candeur as his signature appears on the minutes of March 18, 1798. Of Jewish religion, he was chazan, or reader for Bayh Elohim congregation. He served as reader for 20 years, resigning in 1784. He died Feb. 21, 1816 and is buried in the Jewish cemetery at Charleston.

Prince Alexander of Wurtemberg Ben Alexander (1894-1944) President of Masonite Corp. Started as a laborer in the wood pulp industry in 1919 and by 1926 was president of the Masonite Corp. Director or officer of many corporations. Mason.

George F. Alexander (1882-?) Jurist. U.S. Marshal of Oregon 1917-21. Judge, 1st Division of Alaska since 1933. b. Apr. 20 1882. Mason. 32°, Shriner, president of Juneau Shrine Club 1934-39. Deceased.

Grover C. Alexander (1887-1950) Early member of Baseball Hall of Fame (1938). A great National League pitcher for two decades with the Phil-lies, Cubs and Cardinals starting in 1911. In 1926 he won the world championship for the Cardinals by striking out Lazzeri with bases full in final crisis at Yankee Stadium. He was raised in St. Paul Lodge No. 82, St. Paul, Nebraska on Feb. 8, 1923 expelled for un-Masonic conduct March 20, 1930.

Sir Harold R. L. G. Alexander 1st Viscount of Tunis. b. 1891. Served in France, 1914-18 and northwest frontier of India in 1935. Was commander of the 1st Division from 1938-40 and was in charge of the evacuation of the British army from Dunkirk. Assigned to the Burma front in March, 1942, he became commander-in-chief of the Middle East in August. As deputy allied commander-in-chief in North Africa (1943), Alexander, with General Montgomery, who mapped the successful British campaign in Egypt. He commanded Sicilian (July 1943) and Italian (Sept. 1943) invasions. He was made field marshal in November, 1944 and was allied commander-in-chief of Italy in 1944-45. Since 1946 he has been Governor-General of Canada. Alexander is a member of Athlumney Lodge No. 3245 of London, serving as its master in 193839. He is a past grand steward andpast grand warden of the G.L. of England and a member of the house committee of the Royal Masonic Institution for Girls. He is active in Royal Arch Masonry. Born in New Zealand, he was a well known athlete and Olympic games record holder in his youth.

Hubbard F. Alexander Steamship executive. b. Aug. 14, 1879. Began as wharf agent in Tacoma, Wash. 1894. Later president of the following: Commercial Dock Co. 1901-27; Alaska Pacific S.S. Co. 1907-08; Alaska Coast Co. 1908-11; Pacific Alaska Navigation Co. 1908-26; Pacific Steamship Co. (Admiral Line), 1916-30. Mason, 32°.

James P. Alexander Judge. (18831948) Chief Justice Supreme Court of Texas (1941-48). Texas lawyer since admittance to bar in 1908. District judge, 19th district of Texas 1920-24; associate justice Court of Civil Appeals, Waco, 1931 to 1940; Mason and Shriner.

John L. Alexander (1878-1932) Executive Director of American Youth Foundation 1924-32. Served in executive or secretarial capacity for many religious and youth movements including Boy Scouts, Y.M.C.A. Mason.

Lord Alexander Scottish records show him to be one of the earliest of the speculatives (July 3, 1634) Lodge of Edinburgh. He was Right Honorable Master of the Work to His Majesty.

Nathaniel Alexander (1756-1808) Governor of North Carolina, 1805-07. Surgeon in the Revolutionary War. Served as an officer of the G.L. of North Carolina in 1802, '03, '06, '07 and was senior grand deacon at his death in 1808.

Prince Alexander of Wurtemberg Initiated in 1808 in the Phoenix Lodge in Paris. Was uncle of Emperor Alexander of Russia.

Robert Alexander (1863-1941) Major General U.S. Army. Advanced in rank from a private in 1886 through grades to Brig. General N.A., 1918 and Maj. General 1918-19 (temp.); Brig. General 1921 and retired as Maj. General 1927. Served in Indian campaign of 1890-91, Philippines, Cuba and Mexico as well as WW1. Mason.

Algert D. Alexis Rear Admiral U.S. Navy. b. June 25, 1897. Appointed lieutenant (jg) in 1921 and advanced through grades to rear admiral in 1950. His speciality in the service was naval construction and he commanded many naval installations both at home and abroad, including staff commander of the service force for the invasion of Japan. He retired in 1954 and is now a consulting civil engineer. Raised in Peter Williamson Lodge No. 323, Scranton, Pa. in 1920. Royal Arch membership in Norfolk, Va. Past president of Charleston, S.C. chapter of the National Sojourners.

Bernard Soto Alfaro Former president of Costa Rica. He developed a national spirit in the country and is one of the most eminent men produced by the Republic. He entered the lodge Esperanza when a young man and was made "Protector of the Order" in the Supreme Council, AASR.

Colon Eloy Alfaro Ambassador from Ecuador. b. Jan. 1, 1891, son of Eloy Alfaro, Ecuadorian patriot and president. Educated in Ecuador, U.S. Military Academy, German Cavalry School, and George Washington University. Served as consul general to Canal Zone, Panama, Mexico, Nicaragua, Guatamala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Colombia, Dominican Republic and United States. Was ambassador to U.S. 1936-44. He has also served his country on many special diplomatic missions. Has been a member of the Board of Governors of the Pan American Union at Washington, D.C., since 1947. Mason and 33° AASR. Shriner. Member of Canal Zone Consistory as are his three sons, Eloy, Jaime and Olmedo.

Eloy Alfaro (1842-1912) Ecuadorian liberator and president. b. June 25, 1842 in Montecristi. He led an uprising against President Cordero (1893-95) and declared himself anticlerical dictator and president of Ecuador from 1897-1901 and 1907-11. He led the revolt of 1906 that deposed President Lisardo Garcia and became constitutional president in 1907. As president he reduced the power of the Roman Catholic church. More laws for the betterment of public schools and social reforms for the people were enacted during his presidency than there had been in the 120 years since the Republic was established. Most of his life was spent in exile. As a disciple of Bolivar he advocated Pan-Americanism and convened the second Pan American Congress in Mexico City in 1896. Alfaro was responsible for the introduction of the "Panama hat" to the world. While in exile in Panama, he imported the Ecuador-made toquilla hats which he sold in great numbers to travelers passing through the Isthmus. Having been purchased in Panama, the hats were presumed to be products of the country and thus became known as "Panamas." Alfaro attempted to aid Cuba in securing its independence from Spain and in 1895 sent an impassioned letter to Queen Marie Cristina of Spain, pleading for Cuban independence. He resigned as president Aug. 12, 1911 hoping to prevent a revolt and continue the liberal regime. When a new revolt broke out, he returned from his exile in Panama hoping to effect a conciliation between the factions. He was seized in Guayaquil and sent over the railway which he had built to Quito where he was thrown into jail and a few hours later (Jan. 28, 1912) was murdered. Affectionately called "Citizen of the Americas," he has been honored with monuments and statues in Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico and the United States. Busts of Alfaro in the U.S. are found in St. Augustine, Florida; Lincoln, Nebraska; House of the Temple, Washington, D.C.; Washington National Memorial at Alexandria, and Gainesville, Florida. Even Spain named a street in his ancestral town of Cervera del Rio Alhambra for him.

Bruce R. Alger Congressman, 84th Congress from 5th Texas district. b. June 12, 1918. Owner of Alger Development Co., Bruce Alger Realtor, Modernair Construction Co., all of Dallas. 32° AASR and Shriner.

Russell A. Alger (1836-1907) Major General in Civil War, working his way from the ranks. Served as governor of Michigan from 1885-87 and was Secretary of War under McKinley from 1897-99, resigning at McKinley's request because of criticism directed against the War Department for inefficiency. Member of Corinthian Lodge No. 241 of Detroit, being raised Dec. 9, 1895.

Francois D' Alincourt French gentleman, who, in the year 1776 was sent with Don Gyres de Ornellas Pracao, q.v. a Portuguese nobleman, to prison, by the governor of the island of Madeira, for being Freemasons.

Sir Archibald Alison (1792-1867) English author. b. Dec. 29, 1792 at Kenley, Shropshire, England and d. May 23, 1867 at Glasgow, Scotland. Received his degrees at Glasgow Kilwinning Lodge in 1837. An historian; and as sheriff of Lanarkshire suppressed the riots of 1837. Author of History of Europe during the French Revolution (1833-42) in ten volumes and a nine volume continuation in 1852-59.

John S. Allard Brigadier General and corporation executive. b. Jan. 16, 1897. Served overseas with Air Force, 1942-45, and promoted from colonel to brigadier general in 1944. President of Curtis-Wright Export Corp. since 1929; vice pres. of Curtis-Wright Corp. since 1929 and director of Wright Aeronautical Corp., Curtis-Wright Airplane Co., and Curtis-Wright Airports Co. Mason.

Herbert J. Allemang Vice president of Philco Corp. since 1951. b. May 3, 1902. Raised in South Bend Lodge No. 294, South Bend, Ind. in 1923. Member of AASR (NJ) in South Bend and Medinah Shrine Temple.

Alfred G. Allen (1867-1932) Congressman from Ohio to 62nd, 63rd, and 64th Congresses (1911-17). Lawyer. Mason.

Charles H. Allen (1848-1934) First governor of Puerto Rico. b. April 15, 1848 at Lowell, Mass. He was a member of the Massachusetts house of representatives in 1881 and '82 and in the state senate in 1883. He was a member of the 49th and 50th Congresses (1885-89), and assistant secretary of the Navy from 1898-1900. After the United States freed the island of Puerto Rico from a 400-year despotic rule of Spain he became its first governor (1900-02). He was a member of William North Lodge of Lowell, Mass.

Ethan Allen (1738-1789) Major General in Revolution. Gained fame as a colonel commanding the "Green Mountain Boys," who with Benedict Arnold, q.v., seized Fort Ticonderoga on May 10, 1775. He was captured at Montreal and held prisoner from 177578, exchanged and returned to Vermont. Although he has been described as one "who seems to have been a Master Mason" it is thought that he only received one degree at Windsor, Vt. on July 7, 1777. His brother Ira, q.v., was a member of Vermont Lodge No. 1. Probably not a Mason. Was a prisoner in England on date given for his first degree in Windsor, Vt.

Ethan N. Allen Baseball coach. b. Jan. 1, 1904. An outfielder with various National League teams 1926-36 and with Browns of American League since 1938; motion picture director of National League public relations dept. 1938-42; head coach at Yale in 1946. Has done sports announcing and written several books on baseball. Member of Yeatman Lodge No. 162, Cincinnati, Ohio, 32° Ohio Consistory at Cincinnati and Shriner.

Ezra G. Allen (1885-1952) Rear Admiral U.S. Navy. b. March 11, 1885 at Scranton, Pa. Graduated U.S. Naval Academy, 1907. Ensign. U.S. Navy in 1907, advancing to rear admiral. Mason. d. January, 1952.

Frank G. Allen Former governor of Massachusetts. b. Lynn, Mass. Oct. 6, 1874. Was raised in Orient Lodge, Norwood, Mass. June 23, 1920, receiving 33° in Northern Jurisdiction, Sept. 16, 1930.

George W. Allen (?-1928) Chief Justice Supreme Court of Colorado, 1926-28. Member Pennsylvania House of Representatives 1874-76 moving to Colorado in 1880. Judge district court, Denver 1888-1910. Republican nominee for governor 1896 and defeated for U.S. Senator 1896. Justice of Supreme Court 1916-26. Died Jan. 29, 1928. Mason, 32° AASR and Shriner.

Henry J. Allen (1868-1950) U.S. Senator and former governor of Kansas. b. Sept. 11, 1868 in Warren Co., Pa. Began as editor of Manhattan Nationalist in 1894 and later owned and operated several daily newspapers in Kansas; chairman of board of Wichita Daily Beacon Publishing Co. Governor of Kansas from 1919-23 and appointed U.S. Senator to succeed Vice-president Curtis in 1929. Assistant to Charles G. Dawes, pres. of Reconstruction Finance Corp. in 1932. Editor of the Topeka Journal from 1935 until death. Director of publicity for the Hoover-Curtis campaign in 1928 and as president of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Tidewater Assn., helped prepare treaty between U.S. and Canada on that project. Active abroad in WW1 in Red Cross work. Mason. d. Jan. 17, 1950.

Hervey Allen Author, who although not a Freemason, is one of the few writers of historical novels to give credit for the part Freemasonry played in our Revolutionary period. Among his writings are Anthony Adverse, 1933; The Forest and the Fort, 1943; and Bedford Village, 1944. b. Dec. 8, 1889. Mr. Allen wrote on May 23, 1944 as follows: "Several members of the fraternity have written in asking if I hold membership. I do not and never have. My father and grandfather and a great many other relatives have been Masons for many generations back, but for various reasons I have never joined. My interest in the theme of Masonry in American life is purely historical, and I think that my not being a member is at this time perhaps a help in my stressing the theme, as I can do so without any suspicion of being a special pleader from the inside. There is no doubt that for some reason or other American historians have overlooked one of the prime and deep-running influences in American life. As you know, there are many reasons for that.”

Hubert A. Allen (1872-1942) Brigadier General U.S. Army. Actively identified with Iowa national guard for 25 years. Served as captain in Spanish-American war and appointed brigadier general in 1917. Mason.

Ira Allen (1751-1814) Brother of Ethan Allen q.v. and politically active in the Revolutionary period. b. Cornwall, Conn., he with two other fellow members of Vermont Lodge No. 1 (now 18), led the fight for statehood of Vermont. The others were Thomas Chittenden q.v. and Dr. Jonas Fay q.v. Between 1780 and 1791 he was in negotiation with the British which was thought to force Congress to recognize Vermont's claims—which they did on March 4, 1791. He assisted in the founding of the Univ. of Vermont in 1789. He was initiated in Vermont Lodge No. 1 of Charleston, N.H. in 1782.

Ivan E. Allen Business executive who gave Fort Mountain to state of Georgia; it is now one of the state parks. b. Mar. 1, 1877 at Dalton, Ga. Chairman of Ivan Allen-Marshall Co.; Ivan Allen Bldg., Atlanta Blank Book Mfg. Co., and has served on many state political and civic boards including term as state senator 1919-21. A Knight Templar and Shriner.

J. Edward Allen Educator and writer. Instructor in public school system of Warrenton, N.C. since 1907 and served as superintendent of public instruction for Warren Co. since 1919. Member board of trustees Wake Forest College since 1922; board of trustees, state school for blind and deaf; on board of Oxford Orphanage. Grand Master G.L. of North Carolina 1939-40. Also headed state York Rite bodies and Shrine. Writer of many Masonic books and articles including revision of Goulds History of Freemasonry published by Scribners in 1936. b. March 21, 1887 at Warrenton, N.C.

John E. Allen (1873-1945) Chief Justice, Supreme Court of New Hampshire, 1934-43. Educated at Dartmouth and Harvard, he was admitted to N.H. bar in 1897, serving as probate judge from 1899 to 1906. He was associate justice of Superior Court of N.H. 1917-24 and 1924-34 before becoming chief justice. Mason.

John M. Allen Major in Texas-Mexican War. He came to Texas attracted by the rumors of impending conflict between Americans and Mexicans. As commander of the armed ship Terrible, he had been ordered to New Orleans for the purpose of recruiting soldiers for the impending conflict. While in New Orleans he received a charter from the grand secretary of the G.L. of Louisiana for Holland Lodge No. 36 to be delivered to Anson Jones q.v. General Sam Houston q.v. sent an orderly to Allen advising him of the impending clash and urging speed to the reinforcements he had. Allen joined Houston's forces, carrying with him the charter and other communications from the G.L. of Louisiana. He met Anson Jones (to be first Grand Master of Texas) on the prairie between Croce's and San Jacinto, while Houston's army was on the march just before the battle of San Jacinto. Jones placed it in his saddlebags and carried it through the battle of San Jacinto.

Lee E. Allen Congressman from 16th district of Illinois to 73rd to 80th Congresses inclusive (1933-49). b. Oct. 5, 1898 at Elizabeth, Ill. Taught school, served as circuit court clerk and has practiced law since 1930. Mason.

Oscar K. Allen Former governor of Louisiana. Member of Eastern Star Lodge No. 151, Winnfield, La.

Peter B. Allen General U.S. Army. First master of Terre Haute Lodge No. 19, Terre Haute, Indiana.

William Allen Purchased the ground for the State House (Independence Hall) at Philadelphia in 1729 and gave a grand banquet in 1736 at the inauguration of the building. It was here that the Declaration of Independence was signed.

Roger Allin Former governor of North Dakota. Member of Golden Valley Lodge No. 6, Park River, N.D.

James B. Allison Major General, U.S. Army. b. Sept. 15, 1873 at York, S. Car. Appointed 2nd lieutenant in 1898 advancing through grades to major general in 1935 when he became chief signal officer. Retired in 1937. Served in Mexican War and WW1. Mason.

William B. Allison (1829-1908) U.S. Senator from Iowa 1873-1909. b. March 2, 1829 at Perry, 0. Admitted to bar in 1850, he practiced in Ohio until 1858 when he moved to Dubuque, Iowa. Raised troops for Civil War and was U.S. Representative in Congress from 1863-71. In 1888 and 1896 he was a candidate for Republican presidential nomination. A charter member of Mosaic Lodge No. 125 of Dubuque, Iowa, he was honorary senior grand warden of the Grand Lodge of Iowa in 1889.

James V. Allred Governor of Texas 1935-39. b. Mar. 29, 1899 at Bowie, Texas. Admitted to Texas bar in 1924. Served as district attorney 1923-25 and attorney general of Texas 193135. U.S. District Judge, southern district of Texas 1939-42. Practicing attorney since 1942. Raised in Bowie Lodge No. 578 July 6, 1920. Received Scottish Rite degrees in 1926. K.C.C.H.

Avery Allyn Anti-Masonic writer. Once a member of lodge, chapter and commandery in Connecticut.

Edward B. Almon (1860-1933) Congressman from Alabama to 64th to 72nd Congresses (1915-33). b. April 18, 1860 at Moulton, Ala. Admitted to bar 1883. Member Alabama state senate 1892-96 and speaker of house of representatives in 1911. Judge of 11th circuit 1898-1906. Mason.

James L. Almond, Jr. Congressman and attorney-general of Virginia. b. June 15, 1898 at Charlottesville, Va. Served as prosecuting attorney and judge at Roanoke and in the 79th and 80th Congresses from Virginia. Has been attorney-general of Virginia since 1948. Past potentate of Shrine.

Alfred S. Alschuler (1876-1940) Architect. b. Chicago, Nov. 2, 1876. Graduate of Armour Institute of Technology and studied at Art Institute of Chicago. Designed the following Chicago buildings: London Guarantee and Accident, Westminster, Cunard, John R. Thompson, John Sexton, Utilities, Lake Michigan, Mercantile Exchange, Adams Franklin and Garment Center buildings; plans of E. J. Brach & Son, Chicago Mail Order, Sinai Temple and Isaiah Temple. Mason.

Richard Alsop (1761-1815) American author and poet. b. Middletown, Conn. Was one of the Hartford wits, collaborating in the writing of The Echo, a verse satire which appeared in the American Mercury and published in book form in 1807. Among other works is A Poem, Sacred to the Memory of George Washington (1800). A member of St. John's Lodge No. 2, Middletown, Conn. There was a Richard Alsop who became a member of Hiram Lodge No. 1 at New Haven, Conn. in 1752 and may have been his father.

Wilbur M. Alter Chief justice, Supreme Court of Colorado since 1955. b. Dec. 17, 1879 at Allegheny, Pa. Admitted to Colorado bar in 1906. Judge of Supreme Court of Colorado from 1928-33; 1944-46; 1946 to present. Past state commander of American Legion. Served in WW1 as an enlisted man. Raised in Victor Lodge No. 99, Victor, Colo. in 1909. Demitted from chapter and commandery at Cripple Creek and shrine in Denver.

Paul S. Althouse (1889-1954) American opera tenor. b. 1889 at Reading, Pa., made his debut with Metropolitan Opera Co., N.Y. in 1913. Member of St. John's Lodge No. 435, Reading, Pa. 32° AASR (SJ) at Reading, Pa. and member of Rajah Shrine Temple, Reading. d. Feb. 6, 1954 and service was conducted by Grand Lodge of New York at Rutgers Presbyterian Church on Feb. 8.

Francisco E. Alvarado Former secretary of state of Costa Rica. He also served as president of the chamber of representatives and administrator-general of railways. A member of Caridad Lodge No. 26.

Francisco P. Alvarado Costa Rican banker. He was one of the founders of the Scottish Rite of Central America. A banker and teacher, he was benefactor of San Juan de Dios Hospital. A member of Caridad No. 26.

Carlos Maria de Alvear (1789-1853) Argentine patriot, general and coworker with San Martin, q.v. He took a prominent part in the liberation wars of Argentine both politically and militarily. In 1814 he was the victorious besieger of Montevideo, Uruguay, and a year later was named "supreme administrator." In 1839 he was appointed minister to the United States, where he died. He was a founder of the Lau-taro Lodge in 1812 together with San Martin, liberator of the country.

Claude B. Alverson (1878-1922) Judge, Supreme Court of New York, 1921-22. Knight Templar, 32° AASR and Shriner.

Count Goblet d' Alviella (1846-1925) Belgian writer on religious history, and politician. Also known as Comte Eugene. Was grand commander of the Supreme Council 33° of Belgium.

Richard IL Amberg Publisher of St. Louis Globe-Democrat from Sept., 1955. b. June 5, 1912 in New York City. Graduated from Harvard in 1933. Editor and publisher of newspapers in Oil City and Knox, Pa. from 1937-41 and also Sportsman's Hunting & Fishing Digest same years. He was director of publicity for the American Transit Assn. from 1945-47 and general manager of Newsday in 1947-49. In 1949-50 he was administrative assistant on the New York Herald Tribune and general manager and director of The Post Standard, Syracuse, N.Y. from 1950-52. Raised in Oil City Lodge No. 710, Oil City, Pa. in 1938. Member of Oil City Chapter No. 236, R.A.M. and Talbot Cornmandery No. 43, K.T. both of Oil City. 32° AASR, Valley of St. Louis (SJ). Member of St. Leo Conclave No. 71, Red Cross of Constantine, Syracuse, N.Y. and Moolah Shrine Temple, St. Louis, Mo.

John Frederick Amelung Early American glass manufacturer. In March, 1789 he visited George Washington at Mt. Vernon and presented him with two engraved gobets with Washington's coat of arms. A zealous Mason, he established a lodge in Frederick Co., Maryland sometime between 1790 and 1799.

James E. Ament (?-1936) College president and educator. b. Woodburn, Ill. Graduated from Illinois Normal, Transylvania Univ. and a Ph.D. from Oskaloosa College. Served as president of state teachers colleges in Oklahoma, Missouri, Indiana and Pennsylvania. Inspected educational facilities in England, Scotland, France, Germany and Switzerland. Ament became president of the ultra National Park Seminary for Women at Washington, D.C. in 1916 and was president and owner until his death in 1936. He was a 32° AASR (SJ).

Leopold S. Amery (1873-1955) English publicist, statesman and mountaineer. b. Nov. 22, 1873 in India. Friend of Winston Churchill q.v. at school days in Harrow and later when he was correspondent of the Times in the South African War when Churchill was correspondent of Daily Telegraph. He served with the army in Flanders and Near East (1914-16). He became first lord of admiralty in 1922, serving until 1924 when he became secretary of state for colonies 1924-29 and secretary for dominion affairs from 1925-29. In 1945-49 he was secretary for India and Burma. Endowed with a strong physique, he was an avid mountaineer and three peaks have been named for him—one in South Africa Drakenberg, one in the Canadian Rockies and the third on Kerguelen Island on the edge of the Antarctic. Member of Canada Lodge No. 3527, London and 10th master of that lodge in 1920.

Ezra Ames (1768-1836) Portrait painter. b. Framingham, Mass. May 5, 1768. Painted portraits of Washington, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Martin Van Buren, George Clinton, DeWitt Clinton. Served as grand high priest of the G.C. of New York for 24 years, and was general grand scribe of the General Grand Chapter for ten years (1806-16). From 1816-20 he served as grand captain general of the Grand Encampment, Knights Templar. Died Feb. 23, 1836.

Oliver Ames Former governor of Massachusetts. Although his membership is not known, he was made an honorary member of Columbian Lodge of Boston; was present at a meeting of Washington Lodge in Roxbury March 15, 1866; delivered a Masonic oration before Meridian Lodge, Natick, Mass., June, 1888.

Arthur Oliver Villiers, Lord Ampthill (1869-1935) English nobleman of the Russell family, holding the earldom of Bedford (from 1550), duk