10,000 Famous Freemasons by William R. Denslow

10,000 FAMOUS

FREEMASONS

WILLIAM R. DENSLOW

Volume II

E - J

Foreword by

HARRY S. TRUMAN, P.G.M.
Past Master, Missouri Lodge of Research

Published by
Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co., Inc.
Richmond, Virginia

Copyright, I957, William R. Denslow

Henry P. Eames (1872-1950) Pianist and lecturer. b. Sept. 12, 1872 in Chicago, Ill. Studied in U.S. and abroad under private teachers including Madam Clara Schumann and Ignace Paderewski. Graduate of Northwestern U. in 1894. He established the Omaha School of Music and was connected with the musical departments of several schools including U. of Nebr., Illinois Wesleyan U.; U. of Calif.; U. of Hawaii; U. of N. Mex. Published over 30 songs and choruses. Made 14 annual concert-lecture tours of America and several abroad. Member of Lancaster Lodge No. 54, Lincoln, Nebr., receiving degrees on March 13, April 17 and May 29, 1903; suspended April 7, 1916. d. Nov. 25, 1950.

Harry B. Earhart (1870-1954) Shipowner, manufacturer and oil executive. b. Dec. 21, 1870 at Worthington, Pa. From 1888-1904 he was owner of vessels on the Great Lakes; from 1904-10 was engaged in the manufacture of machinery and from 1910-32 was president and chairman of the board of the White Star Refining Co., and during the same period was director of Vacuum Oil Co. He was director of the National Safety Council at one time. Raised Nov. 13, 1893 in Ionic Lodge No. 186, Duluth, Mimi. and affiliated with Palestine Lodge No. 357, Detroit on April 13, 1913, becoming a life member of same Jan. 7, 1937. Member of Scottish Rite. d. Oct. 21, 1954.

R. E. W. Earl American artist. Painted numerous portraits of Andrew Jackson, q.v., member of Cumberland Lodge No. 8, Nashville, Tenn.

Clarence E. Earle (1893-1953) Chemical engineer. b. Aug. 27, 1893 at Bengies, Md. He graduated from George Washington U. in 1923. Employed by U.S. government and many private firms as a chemical engineer and was president of Breco Mfg. Co. and director of Medical Chemicals, Inc., as well as Insl-X Co. He discovered and developed lithium soap lubricating greases used in aircraft manufacture. Also originated and developed all-purpose hydraulic oil and chemical polar compounds for thin film preservation of metallic surfaces against corrosion. He developed an aircraft carbon monoxide detector and pioneered the discovery of a series of chemical compounds known as phenyl-ammonio salts used as a mycotic drug in South Pacific. Raised in Delnorta Lodge No. 105, Delnorta, Colo. and affiliated with Jephthah Lodge No. 222 (Md.) on June 17, 1952. d. Nov. 15, 1953.

George H. Earle Governor of Pennsylvania, 1935-39. b. Dec. 5, 1890 in Devon, Pa. Holds honorary degrees from several universities. Associated with father in sugar industry at Philadelphia and later in Chicago. He founded Flamingo Sugar Mills in Philadelphia and was active in various business activities until appointed envoy and minister (E.E. and M.P.) to Austria in 1933-34. In 1940-41 he was minister to Bulgaria and in 1943 assistant naval attache at Istanbul, Turkey. Served in army on Mexican Border and in WWI entered navy and was commander of U.S.S. Victor, submarine chaser. Received Navy Cross. Member of Lodge No. 9 in Philadelphia, Pa. and Shriner.

Roy B. Earling Vice president of U. S. Smelting, Refining & Mining Co. and in charge of Alaska operations since 1935. b. May 29, 1887 at Milwaukee, Wis. With U. S. Smelting since 1925. Mason.

Claudius M. Easley (1891-1945) Brigadier General, U.S. Army. b. July 11, 1891 at Thorp Spring, Tex. Graduated from Texas A. & M. Coll. in 1916 and graduate of several Army service schools. Commissioned in 1917 and advanced through grades to brigadier general. Mason. d. June 19, 1945 and buried in 96th Infantry Div. Cemetery in Okinawa.

Edmund P. Easterbrook (18651933) Chief of chaplains, U.S. Army, 1928-30. b. Dec. 22, 1865 in Torquay, England. He was ordained as a Methodist minister in 1889. He served as a chaplain in the Spanish-American War and in Cuba with the Army of Occupation. He was commissioned a chaplain in the Army by President McKinley in 1900 and served as such in the Philippine Insurrection from 1900-05. He was in WWI with U.S. forces in Germany from 1919-23. On return to U.S. was stationed at Fort Sam Houston, Tex. and Fort Monroe, Va. Mason. d. Jan. 18, 1933.

Rufus Easton (1774-1834) First postmaster West of the Mississippi River (St. Louis) and first attorney general of Missouri. b. May 4, 1774 at Litchfield, Conn. He studied law in the office of Ephraim Kirby, q.v., and was admitted to the bar in 1795. In 1803 he went to Washington, D.C. where he met a number of prominent statesmen. Following his death, letters were found in his effects from Col. Aaron Burr, Postmaster General Gideon Granger, Governor DeWitt Clinton and others. It was his intention to locate in New Orleans, but upon reaching Vincennes, Ind. in 1804 he decided to remain there and practice in the courts of the territory. Heaccompanied General Harrison to St. Louis and took up residence there. In 1815 President Jefferson gave him a commission as judge of the Territory of Louisiana. Following Missouri's admission as a state, President Monroe appointed him U.S. attorney general for the state, an office which he held until his retirement in 1826. He also served Missouri in the U.S. Congress. As postmaster of St. Louis he had difficulties with General James Wilkinson, q.v., who was one of the conspirators with Aaron Burr. Easton supported the policies of Jefferson and complained of "spies and informers" of the Wilkinson camp. He entered Freemasonry through Roman Lodge No. 82 of New York and assisted in the organization of Western Star Lodge No. 107, Kaskaskia, Ill. When St. Louis Lodge No. 111 was organized, he became a charter member and officer. Easton was one of the incorporators of the first territorial bank of St. Louis in 1813, being elected a director in 1814. He also was land agent from 1808-18. In 1822 he moved to St. Charles, Mo., where he died July 5, 1834. He left a large family, one daughter marrying Henry S. Geyer, later U.S. senator; another married Governor Hamilton Gamble. His daughter, Mary, married George C. Sibley and together they founded Lindenwood College at St. Charles in 1831.

Stanley A. Easton President of Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mining and Concentrating Co.—one of the largest lead and silver mines in the world. b. April 7, 1873 at Santa Cruz, Calif. Graduate of U. of Calif. Coll. of Mines in 1894. He is also president of Sullivan Mining Co. and Caledonia Mining Co. Mason.

Barney E. Eaton (1878-1944) President of Mississippi Power Co. from 1924. b. Dec. 5, 1878 at Taylorsville, Miss. Graduate of Millsaps Coll., Jackson. Admitted to the bar in 1903 and practiced at Hattiesburg. He affiliated with Gulfport Lodge No. 422 on May 1, 1919, Gulfport, Miss. and dimitted Aug. 3, 1933. d. July 18, 1944.

Hubert Eaton Originator of the "memorial-park" plan for cemeteries, substituting tablets set level with the lawn for tombstones, providing art collections, historical buildings, etc., thereby revolutionizing cemeteries throughout the U.S. He is known as "the builder" of Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, Calif., which is noted for its collection of stained glass works of American sculptors and recreations of Last Supper and Calvary. b. June 3, 1881 at Liberty, Mo., he graduated from William Jewell Coll. in Liberty in 1902. A chemist, he has been associated with many of the main mining companies of America including Anaconda, Teziutlan Copper (Mexico), Adaven Mining (Nev.). Raised in Euclid Lodge No. 58, Great Falls, Mont. in 1905 and presently member of Southern California Lodge No. 278, Los Angeles. Member of Liberty Chapter No. 3, R.A.M., Liberty, Mo., Los Angeles Commandery No. 9, K.T., Al Malaikah Shrine of Los Angeles and of Shrine Patrol. Served as junior deacon of his lodge.

James M. Eaton Vice President of American Overseas Airlines. b. Feb. 15, 1888 at Palatka, Fla. Graduated from U. of Maine in 1910. Eaton became interested in airplanes when he made his first flight with Ed Wiggins in 1913. In 1914 he assisted in establishing service between Tampa and St. Petersburg, Fla. (21 miles), which is now credited as the world's first scheduled airline. In 1920 he went to Europe to investigate the possibility of using wartime aircraft for commercial operation, but concluded they were not adequate. He was later with Pan American Airways and president of Ludington Airlines (New York to Washington every hour). Mason.

John H. Eaton (1790-1856) U.S. Secretary of War under Jackson, 1829-31; U.S. Senator from Tennessee; Governor of Territory of Forida, 183436; U.S. Minister to Spain, 1836-40. b. in Tenn. He studied law and after admission to the bar, practiced in Nashville. He is the author of Life of Andrew Jackson (1824), and was a personal friend of the president. Eaton was a member of Cumberland Lodge No. 8, Nashville; was elected an honorary member of Federal Lodge No. 1 at Washington, D.C. on Jan. 4, 1830; was an honorary member of the Grand Lodge of Florida. He was present at the communication of the Grand Lodge of Tenn. in 1825 and participated in the meeting at the U.S. Capitol in 1822 for the purpose of forming a general grand lodge. He is also recorded as a visitor at Nashville Lodge No. 37 (Tenn.) on June 2, 1825. d. Nov. 17, 1856.

William Eaton (1764-1811) Soldier and early political figure. b. Feb. 23, 1764 at Woodstock, Conn. He entered the Revolutionary army at age of 16 and served 19 years. He graduated at Dartmouth in 1790 and in 1797 was appointed consul to Tunis and for several years was engaged in altercations with the bey in regard to the annual "blackmail" payments this country made to Tunis to prevent them from molesting American ships. He returned to the U.S. in 1803 and was appointed U.S. naval agent to the Barbary states. In this capacity he embarked on a romantic attempt to restore the exiled pasha, Hamet, to the throne, carrying out a small war with 500 men on his own initiative and utilizing two ships of the U.S. fleet. His attempt failed, but Mass. granted him 10,000 acres of land for his "heroic enterprise." In 1806 Aaron Burr, q.v., attempted to enlist Eaton in his conspiracy and at Burr's trial in Richmond, Eaton was one of his accusors. He was made a Mason in North Star Lodge, Manchester, Vt. in 1792. At one time he wrote a eulogy for George Washington, "composed for the celebration of St. George at Monson, 22nd inst." The last verses conclude: "Approving Heaven, with fostering hand, Gave Masons triumph through this land; And firmly to secure our craft, From bigot rage and envy's shaft, Sent a Grand Master, Freedom's son, The God-like patriot, Washington!" d. June 1, 1811.

William R. Eaton (1877-1943) U.S. Congressman, 71st and 72nd Congresses (1929-33) from 1st Colorado dist. b. Dec. 17, 1877 at Pugwash, N.S., Canada and brought to U.S. by parents the following year. Graduate of U. of Denver in 1909, he was admitted to the bar that year. He served two terms in the state senate. Raised March 22, 1902 in Union Lodge No. 7, Denver, Colo.; exalted Feb. 14, 1912 in Colorado Chapter No. 29, R.A.M. and knighted March 14, 1922 in Denver Commandery No. 25, K.T., all of Denver. Received 32° AASR (SJ) on Oct. 22, 1921 in Colorado Consistory No. 1, Denver and was KCCH. d. Dec. 16, 1942.

Charles H. Ebbets (1859-1925) Owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers (National League) and non-playing manager for the team in 1898. b. Oct. 29, 1859 in New York City. He was president of the National League from 1898-1925 and is a member of Baseball's National Hall of Fame as an owner. Ebbets Field is named for him. Member of Greenwood Lodge No. 569, New York City. d. April 18, 1925.

George A. Eberly Associate Justice, Supreme Court of Nebraska, 1925-43. b. Feb. 9, 1871 at Ft. Wayne, Ind. Received LL.B. and LL.M. from U. of Mich. Resident of Nebraska from 1873 and admitted to the bar in 1893. He served in the Spanish-American War in 1898 and Mexican border service in 1916. He was a colonel in WWI. In 1949 he was commander-in-chief of the Spanish-American War Veterans. Member and past master of Northern Light Lodge No. 41, Stanton, Nebr. He holds membership in the York Rite bodies of Omaha and is 32° AASR (SJ) in the Valley of Omaha; National Sojourner, and member of Tangier Shrine Temple, Omaha.

Frederick H. Ecker President of Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. 192936. b. Aug. 30, 1867 in Phoenicia, N.Y. With Metropolitan since 1883; comptroller in 1905; treasurer in 1906; director in 1909, vice president in 1919, and chairman of board of directors after retirement as president in 1936. Also vice-president and trustee of Union Dime Saving Bank; trustee of Consolidated Edison Co. and director of Chase National Bank and Western Union Telegraph Co. Member of Kane Lodge No. 454, New York City, receiving degrees on May 20, June 3 and June 17, 1902; received 50-year membership award in 1953; served a number of years on the Kane-Peary Room committee of his lodge.

Henry Eckford (1775-1832) Early American naval architect. b. March 12, 1775 in Irvine, Scotland. At 16 he was placed with a naval constructor at Quebec and in 1796 moved to New York, where he introduced important changes in the art of shipbuilding. His vessels were superior in strength and speed to all others and in the War of 1812 he was employed by the U.S. government to build ships. Following the war he built the steamer Robert Fulton. In 1820 he was appointed naval constructor at Brooklyn and he built six ships of the line including the famous Ohio which was claimed to be the finest in the world. Disagreeing with the naval commissioners, he left government service and built a sloop-of-war for Sultan Mahmoud of the Ottoman empire and was solicited to enter his service. This led him to a visit to Turkey where he established a navy yard and died at Constantinople on Nov. 12, 1832. He was a member of Fortitude Lodge No. 48 (now No. 19) of Brooklyn, N.Y. and was first junior warden of the lodge.

Karl F. Eckleff (1723-1789) German physician who was active in the propagation of the high grades of Freemasonry in Sweden between 1752 and 1759. It was in the latter year that the "secret constitutions" were adopted. In 1766 he sold to Berlin Masons such rights and rituals as he held and tried to do the same insofar as Sweden was concerned. However, he finally relinquished all rights to the Duke of Sudermania, q.v. in 1774 and the duke (later King Charles XIII, q.v.), who gained control of the symbolic degrees through the resignation of Count Scheffer, became the head of all forms of Freemasonry in Sweden.

Zales N. Ecton U.S. Senator from Montana, 1948. b. April 1, 1898 at Weldon, Ia. He was state representative from 1933-37 and state senator, 1937-46. He is secretary and director of the Flying D, Inc., a ranch and cattle company at Gallatin Gateway, Mont. Mason, 32° AASR (SJ) and Shriner. At one time he was in the line of the Grand Lodge of Montana and at the annual communication in 1952 addressed the grand lodge.

Paul D. Eddy President of Ade1phi College, Garden City, N.Y. since 1937. b. Feb. 18, 1895 in Montgomery, Ala. Graduate of U. of Pennsylvania and ordained to ministry of Methodist Church, serving several Pennsylvania churches. He was director of the Wesley Foundation in the Philippines in 1929-30 and executive director of the Religious Educational Foundation, 1931-37. Served in U.S. Navy in WWI. Member of Garden City Lodge No. 1083, Garden City, L.I., N.Y. and chaplain of same several years.

Samuel Eddy (1769-1839) Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Rhode Island, 1827-35 and U.S. Congressman, 1819-25. b. March 31, 1769 in Johnston, R.I., he graduated at Brown U. in 1787 and studied law. He was clerk of the R.I. supreme court in 1790-93 and secretary of state from 1798-1819. Member of St. John's Lodge No. 1 at Providence, being initiated Feb. 1, 1792. d. Feb. 2, 1839.

William H. Eddy (1817-1859) Hero of the Donner Party trapped in the Sierra Nevada mountains in winter of 1846-47. b. in Providence, R.I. in 1817. In 1845 he was working as a wheelwright in Belleville, Ill. He joined the Donner Party for the trip to California and with James Frazier Reed, q.v., and William McCutchen, q.v., is referred to as one of the "big three" of that ill-fated group. Eddy's privations and experiences were particularly harrowing, for his wife and two children perished of cold and starvation. He led the "Forlorn Hope" group—ten men and five women, who made a desperate attempt to escape from their snowy prison and obtain relief for the rest of the party. It took them 32 days to get out and all the men except Eddy and a William Foster died on the way. They left bloody footprints on the snow as their shoes wore out and their shredded clothing was frozen to their bodies. His exertions led to his early death on Dec. 24, 1859 of angina pectoris. On July 11, 1850 he was one of the 15 brethren at San Jose who petitioned the grand lodge for a dispensation to open a lodge in that city. His name later appears on the records of San Jose Lodge No. 10 as a charter member. This shows he was a Mason before coming to San Jose, but there is no available record of his original membership. Unfortunately he was suspended NPD in 1857.

William Eden (1744-1814) (Lord Auckland) English barrister who served at different times as Secretary of State for Ireland, privy councillor and ambassador to France, Spain and Holland. Was made an Irish peer in 1789 with the title Baron Auckland, receiving the same title in the English peerage in 1793. He was one of the three commissioners sent by Lord North in 1788 to treat with the Americans. In 1770 he was grand steward of the Grand Lodge of England. d. May 28, 1814.

Arthur H. Edens President of Duke University since 1949. b. Feb. 14, 1901 at Willow Grove, Tenn. Degrees from Emory and Harvard U. Was dean at Emory Jr. Coll. and Emory U. until 1948. Mason.

Walter E. Edge (1873-1956) U.S. Senator from New Jersey, 1919-29; Governor of New Jersey during WWI and also WWII (1917-19 and 1943-46) and ambassador to France 1929-33. b. Nov. 20, 1873 in Philadelphia. He began as a printer's "devil" on the Atlantic Review, Atlantic City, N.J., and during his lifetime made a fortune in the advertising and publishing business. He is credited with helping to promote Atlantic City into prominence as a vacation spot. He was one of the first prominent men to back Eisenhower for the presidency in 1951. As ambassador to France, he won the admiration and respect of the French people and was instrumental in negotiating important trade treaties. He was raised Feb. 4, 1896 in Trinity Lodge No. 79, Atlantic City and affiliated with Belcher Lodge No. 180, Atlantic City on April 9, 1904. He was a visitor to the grand lodge sessions in 1917. Member of Evergreen Forest No. 49, Tall Cedars of Lebanon at Milford, Del. on June 9, 1923 and member of Crescent Shrine Temple, Trenton, N.J. d. Oct. 29, 1956.

Alonzo Jay Edgerton (1827-1896) U.S. Senator from Minnesota, March-Oct., 1881. b. June 7, 1827 in Rome, N.Y. Graduate of Wesleyan U. at Middletown, Conn. and settled in Mantorville, Minn. in 1855 where he practiced law. Was brigadier general in Civil War. Served terms in state senate. Moved to Kasson, Minn. in 1878. He was appointed chief justice of the territorial supreme court of Dakota and when South Dakota was admitted as a state, he was made U.S. judge of that district. He served as president of the constitutional convention of South Dakota. Made a Mason in 1851 in Grenada Lodge No. 31 of Miss. and later a member of Mantorville Lodge No. 11, Mantorville, Minn. He was grand scribe of the Grand Chapter, R.A.M. of Minn. in 1875 and also served as senior grand warden of the Grand Lodge of Minnesota. d. Aug. 9, 1896.

Harold E. Edgerton Electrical engineer and inventor of stroboscopic high-speed motion and still photography apparatus. b. April 6, 1903 in Fremont, Nebr. Graduate of U. of Nebr. and Mass. Institute of Tech. Employed as electrical engineer by Nebr. Light & Power Co., and General Electric Co. and professor at M.I.T. Member of Acacia fraternity. Raised in Aurora Lodge No. 68, Aurora, Nebr. and presently a member of Richard C. Maclaurin Lodge, Cambridge, Mass.

H.R.H. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Consort of Queen Elizabeth, q.v. b. June 10, 1921. Although a prince of the royal house of Greece, Philip is a descendant of the English royal house and of Queen Victoria. Victoria's third child, H.R.H. Princess Alice, who married Prince Louis, grand duke of Hesse, was the mother of Victoria Alberta, who married the Marquess of Milford Haven. Their eldest child, Alice, married Prince Andrew of Greece. They, in turn had five children, Philip being the youngest. He married H.R.H. Princess Elizabeth in November, 1947. Philip was initiated in Navy Lodge No. 2612 of London on Dec. 5, 1952. Present at the initiation were the Earl of Scarbrough, grand master, q.v., and Geoffrey Fisher, archbishop of Canterbury. The lodge has many ties with the royal family as King Edward VII served as its first master in 1896 when he was Prince of Wales, q.v., King George VI, q.v., served as master when he was Duke of York. In 1928 H.R.H. Duke of Kent, q.v., was master and later became grand master of the Grand Lodge of England.

William Henry, Duke of Edinburgh (see Duke of Gloucester) Douglas L. Edmonds Justice, Supreme Court of California, 1936-56. b. in Chicago, Ill. Admitted to California bar in 1910 and practiced in Los Angeles until 1926 when he became municipal court judge and later superior court judge. Mason.

George W. Edmonds (1864-1939) U.S. Congressman, 63rd to 68th and 73rd Congresses (1913-25 and 193335) from 4th Pa. dist. b. Feb. 22, 1864 (and thus named George Washington). Was in retail drug business until 1887, when he became an organizer of the Black Diamond Coal Co. He continued throughout his life in the wholesale coal business. Received his degrees in Washington Lodge No. 59, Philadelphia on Jan. 10, March 14 and Oct. 9, 1906; affiliated with Olivet Lodge No. 607, Philadelphia on Sept. 24, 1907. d. Sept. 28, 1939.

Ed Edmondson U.S. Congressman to 83rd through 85th Congresses from 2nd Okla. dist. b. April 7, 1919 in Muskogee, Okla. Brother of J. Howard Edmondson, q.v., governor of Okla. Graduate of U. of Oklahoma and Georgetown U. Was a newspaperman with the Muskogee Daily and United Press, 1936-40 and a special F.B.I. agent, 1941-43. In 1946-47 while studying law at Georgetown U., hewas Washington correspondent for four Okla. newspapers. Admitted to the bar in 1947 and practiced in Muskogee with his brother. Served as a Naval lieutenant in WWII. Member of Muskogee Lodge No. 28; 32° AASR (SJ) in Indian Consistory at McAlester and member of Bedouin Shrine Temple of Muskogee.

J. Howard Edmondson Elected Governor of Oklahoma in 1958. b. Sept. 27, 1925 in Muskogee, a brother of Congressman Ed Edmondson, q.v. Graduated in law from U. of Oklahoma and served four years as county attorney of Tulsa Co., Okla. Served in Air Force in WWII and was flight commander. Member of Oriental Lodge No. 430, Muskogee, Okla. and 32° AASR (SJ) in Indian Consistory of McAlester, Okla.

George F. Edmunds (1828-1919) U.S. Senator from Vermont, 1866-91, resigning in the latter year. b. Feb. 1, 1828 at Richmond, Vt. Graduate of U. of Vt. in 1855. Member of Vermont lower house, 1854-59 and upper house, 1861-62. He authored the act in 1882 for suppression of polygamy in Utah and disfranchisement of those practicing it. It was known as the "Edmunds Act." He was president protem of the U.S. Senate during Arthur's presidency. Received 34 votes for Republican presidential nomination in 1880 and 93 in 1884. Member of Washington Lodge No. 3, Burlington, Vt. d. Feb. 27, 1919.

William R. Edrington (1872-1932) Capitalist. b. Feb. 22, 1872 in Madison Parish, La. He began in the investment business at Fort Worth, Texas in 1897, and became president of the Edrington-Minot Corp., Edrington Investment Co., and vice president of Minot Holding Corp. Member of Fort Worth Lodge No. 148, Fort Worth, Texas, receiving degrees on Dec. 27, 1897, May 13, 1898 and Feb. 13, 1899. d. Nov. 6, 1932.

Samuel C. Edsall (1860-1917) Episcopal Bishop. b. March 4, 1860 in Dixon, Ill. Was ordained deacon in 1888; priest in 1889. He founded St. Peter's Mission of Chicago in 1887. From 1889-99 he was rector of St. Peter's Church, Chicago and became missionary bishop of N.D. in 1899. In 1901 he was elected coadjutor bishop of Minn. d. Feb. 17, 1917. He was a member of Minneapolis Lodge No. 19, Minneapolis, Minn.

Merritt A. Edson (1897-1955) Major General, U.S. Marine Corps. b. April 25, 1897 in Rutland, Vt. Advanced to brigadier general in 1943, retiring as major general in 1947. Awarded Congressional Medal of Honor. Was with Marines in France in WWI and later served as a Marine aviator in the Pacific and Central America. A small arms expert, he taught and served in ordnance depots. From 1937-39 he was with 4th Marines in China and as commander of 1st Raider bn. participated in the Tarawa operations. He was assistant division commander of 2nd Marines in Saipan-Tinian operations and later commanding general of the service command of the Fleet Marine Force, Pacific. From 1946-47 he was member of staff of Chief of Naval Operations. After his retirement he became Vermont's first public safety commissioner. Raised in Olive Branch Lodge No. 64, Chester, Vt. on Feb. 24, 1926. d. Aug. 14, 1955.

Edward VII (1841-1910) King of England, 1901-10. Of the house of Saxe-Coburg, he was called The Peacemaker. Eldest son of Queen Victoria, he was created Prince of Wales in 1841. Studied at Edinburgh, Oxford, and Cambridge and served as a colonel in the army in 1858. He was the first British royal prince to visit a colony, visiting Canada in 1860, where on Sept. 1, he laid the cornerstone of the Canadian Parliament building at Ottawa. It is interesting to note that the government would not allow the Freemasons to take part in the ceremonies, but told them that they were welcome to appear in their regalia. It was on this trip that he visited the St. Louis, Mo. agricultural and mechanical fair on Sept. 26, arriving from Canada by way of Detroit and Chicago, and by steamer from Alton. He bought a fast trotting horse at the fair and dined on buffalo tongue, quail, prairie chicken and Missouri wine, departing the next day for Cincinnati. In 1863 he took a seat in the house of lords as Duke of Cornwall. His mother, Queen Victoria, would not allow him to take part in foreign negotiations until Gladstone's last ministry in 1892-94. He was chancellor of the U. of Wales, arranged the queen's jubilees, assisted in promoting the Royal College of Music, and won the Derby three times with his horses. As king, he promoted international amity by visits to European capitals. He brought the crown into active participation in public life and with all sections of the empire. He was initiated into Freemasonry in 1868 at Stockholm, Sweden by King Adolphus Frederick, q.v., who was also grand master of Sweden. He was master of Apollo University Lodge at Oxford in 1873; master of Prince of Wales Lodge No. 250, London and also of Royal Alpha Lodge, London. He was patron of the Grand Lodge of Scotland and Ireland and was honorary member of Edinburgh Lodge No. 1. He was patron of the Supreme Council of the 33° of England. Edward was elected grand master of the Grand Lodge of England on April 28, 1875 and installed that date in a ceremony at Albert Hall conducted by the Earl of Carnarvon, q.v., in the presence of 10,000 brethren. It was probably the most brilliant Masonic function ever held. He served as grand master until 1901 when he ascended the throne and took the title of "protector of the craft." Queen Alexandria Lodge No. 2932 of London was named for his queen with her permission and good wishes.

Edward VIII King of England, Jan. 20-Dec.11, 1936, abdicating to marry Mrs. Wallis Simpson, an American. Eldest son of George V. and Queen Mary, his full name is Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David. Before ascending to the throne, he was Prince of Wales, and after abdication, Duke of Windsor. He was prepared for the Navy at Osborne and Dartmouth and created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in 1911. At his investiture in Carnarvon Castle, he was the first English prince to address the Welsh in their own tongue. He served as a midshipman on the H.M.S. Hindostan and in WWI was with the B.E.F. in Flanders, France and on the Italian front. He was on the staff of the commander of the Mediterranean Force in Egypt and also with the Canadian Corps. Taking up his public duties in 1919, he toured Canada, U.S., Africa, and South America as England's favorite "Ambassador of the Empire." When he succeeded his father in 1936, he was the first bachelor king in 176 years. When he proposed to marry Mrs. Simpson nee Warfield and elevate her as queen, it raised a storm of protest resulting in his abdication. He later visited Germany to study social and housing conditions, and in 1939 was a major general attached to the B.E.F. staff in liaison work in France. From 1940-45 he was governor of the Bahama Islands. Edward was initiated by H.R.H. Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, q.v., on May 2, 1919 in the Household Brigade Lodge No. 2614—one of the lodges of which the grand master is permanent master. He was appointed senior warden of the lodge in 1920 and elected deputy master in 1921. On Oct. 25, 1922 he was installed as senior grand warden of the Grand Lodge of England in Royal Albert Hall in the presence of nearly 9,000 brethren. He was named provincial grand master for Surrey on July 22, 1924 and grand master of the Grand Lodge of England in 1936. He also served as grand superintendent of Royal Arch Masonry for Surrey. He was an honorary 33° of the Supreme Council, Scottish Rite of England.

Edward Augustus (Duke of Kent) (1767-1820) Fourth son of George III of England and father of Queen Victoria. A soldier, he became major general in 1793; lieutenant general in 1796, and full general in 1799. He was commander-in-chief of the forces in British North America in 1799-1800. From 1802-03 he was governor of Gibraltar and in 1805 was created field marshal. He was initiated in 1790 in Union Lodge of Geneva. In 1813 he was elected grand master of the Athol Grand Lodge, accepting the office in order to unite the two rival grand lodges. When his purpose had been accomplished, he resigned the grand-mastership and suggested his younger brother, Augustus Frederick, q.v., Duke of Sussex as grand master. This was accomplished, and Augustus Frederick became the first grand master of the United Grand Lodge of England, serving from 1813-43. While serving in the British military establishment in North America, Edward Augustus was on the rolls of the Craft in Nova Scotia.

Clarence R. Edwards (1860-1931) Major General U.S. Army. b. Jan. 1, 1860 at Cleveland, Ohio and graduated U.S. Military Academy in 1883. Commissioned in the latter year, he advanced through grades to major general in 1917. He organized the 26th Infantry Division and commanded it for 10 months on the front lines in France. Held numerous commands on his return to the U.S. He retired in 1922. Member of Euclid Lodge in Boston, Mass. d. Feb. 14, 1931.

Edward I. Edwards (1863-1931) U.S. Senator from New Jersey, 192329 and Governor of New Jersey, 192023. b. Dec. 1, 1863 at Jersey City, N.J. He was connected with the First National Bank of Jersey City from 1882. He was a state senator from Hudson Co. in 1919, resigning to become governor. Member of Bergen Lodge No. 47, Jersey Ctiy, being initiated on Feb. 6, 1891. 32° AASR and Shriner. d. Jan. 26, 1931.

Gus Edwards (1879-1945) Theatrical producer, composer and vaudeville star. Raised Jan. 16, 1904 in Independent Lodge No. 185, New York City. Dimitted May 4, same year and reaffiliated May 19, 1906.

Henry W. Edwards (1779-1847) U.S. Senator from Connecticut, 182327 and Governor of Connecticut, 183338. b. in New Haven, Conn., the son of Pierpont Edwards, q.v., first grand master of Connecticut. He studied at the Litchfield law school and settled in New Haven where he was twice elected to congress as a Democrat, serving from 1819-1823. He also served in the two state legislative bodies. He was initiated in Hiram Lodge No. 1 of New Haven on Feb. 2, 1809 and elected secretary of the lodge the same year. He was exalted in Franklin Chapter No. 2, R.A.M. of New Haven on June 14, 1810 and greeted in Harmony Council, R. & S.M. on Oct. 16, 1818. d. July 22, 1847.

John Edwards (1748-1837) One of the first two U.S. Senators from Kentucky, 1791-1795. Born in Virginia, he moved to that portion of the state now comprising Kentucky in 1780, where he owned some 23,000 acres of land. He was a member of the state legislature from 1781-85 and again from 1795-1800. He was elected to the convention that ratified the Federal constitution as well as his own state conventions of 1785-88. Member of Abraham Lodge No. 8, Louisville, Ky.

Morton Edwards English sculptor. Made a Mark Master in Thistle Lodge No. 8, London, England on Oct. 1, 1869.

Ninian Edwards (1775-1833) U.S. Senator from Illinois, 1818-24; Governor of Illinois Territory, 1809-18 and Governor of Illinois, 1826-30. Born in Maryland, he was educated at Dickinson College in Pennsylvania and moved to Kentucky at age of 20. At one time his education was directed by William Wirt, q.v., the presidential candidate on the anti-Masonic ticket. A lawyer, he became chief justice of the supreme court of Kentucky at the age of 32. He moved to Illinois when President Madison appointed him governor of the territory and remained there until his death. He was one of the first two U.S. Senators from Illinois just as his uncle, John Edwards, q.v., had been in Kentucky. He was a member of Lexington Lodge No. 1, Lexington, Ky. d. July 20, 1833.

Pierpont Edwards (1750-1826) Member of the Continental Congress of 1787-88. b. April 8, 1750 in Northampton, Mass., his father was a missionary to the Stockbridge (Mass.) Indians and young Pierpont became so proficient in the Indian language that he said he "often thought in Indian." He graduated from Princeton in 1768 and began practice of law in New Haven, Conn. in 1771. He was appointed administrator of the estate of Benedict Arnold, q.v., at the time of his treason. He took an early stand in favor of independence and served in the Revolutionary Army, taking part in two battles. At the time of his death he was a judge of the U.S. district court. He was initiated in Hiram Lodge No. 1, New Haven, Dec. 28, 1775, serving as master of the lodge in 1777-78, and was the first grand master of the Grand Lodge of Connecticut, 1789-90. His son, Henry W., q.v., became U.S. senator and governor of Connecticut. d. April 5, 1826.

Charles Howard, 2nd Baron of Effingham Willard E. Edwards Originator of The Perpetual Calendar. b. Dec. 11, 1903 at Chatham, Mass. He was educated at Mass. Inst. of Tech.; B.S., U. of Oklahoma and graduate work at U. of Southern Calif. He originated The Perpetual Calendar in 1919, which was officially endorsed by Hawaiian legislature in 1943 and by Mass. in 1952. The calendar has been proposed by congressional resolution in 1943, 45, 47, 49, 51, and 53. A writer and lecturer since 1922, he has been a research engineer with Radio Corp. of America, Alexander Aircraft Co., American Telephone & Telegraph Co. and others. In WWII he served as a lieutenant commander in the U.S. Navy. Raised in Wollaston Lodge, Quincy, Mass. on March 17, 1925. He later affiliated with Norman Lodge No. 38, Norman, Okla. (1929- 33) ; Silveyville Lodge No. 201, Dixon, Calif. (1933-35); Fullerton Lodge No. 339, Fullerton, Calif. (1936-46) and Honolulu Lodge No. 409, Honolulu, Hawaii since 1947. Received AASR (SJ) degrees in 1958. Life member of Square and Compass Club of Midway Island.

Edwin Early Masonic tradition claims him as the son of Athelstan (895-940), King of England, who was the son of King Edward the Elder and grandson of King Alfred. Practically all of the Old Charges, after the first two, refer to Athelstan as having a son called Edwin, "and hee loued masons much more than his father . . . and a Comifsion to hould euer yeare and Afsembly." By tradition, the first was held at York in 926. Whether Athelstan had a son named Edwin is doubtful. Historians have agreed that he had a brother of that name, but the brother was drowned in his youth (933). A theory has been advanced that the "Edwin" referred to in the Old Charges may have been Edwin, King of Northumberland (585?-633).

David Edwin (1776-1841) American engraver. b. Dec., 1776 in Bath, England. His father, John, was a comedian. David was apprenticed to Jossi, a Dutch engraver residing in England, who soon returned to Holland, taking David with him. Disagreeing with his master, he left before his apprenticeship was over and shipped as a sailor on an American vessel bound for Philadelphia, hoping eventually to reach London. He arrived in Philadelphia in December of 1797, and obtained employment from an English publisher, and later worked for Edward Savage, the painter. His specialty was engraving portraits and his work was credited with being the best produced in America up to that time. His copies of Gilbert Stuart's paintings were especially good. He made copies of portraits by the artists Peale, Waldo, Wood, Jarvis, Sully and Neagle. After 20 years of application, his eyesight failed and he was compelled to resort to other work to earn a living. He was initiated in Columbia Lodge No. 91, Philadelphia on March 1, 1806 and later served as master of the lodge. d. Feb. 22, 1841.

Stillman W. Eells (1873-1937) American foreign service officer and businessman. b. April 24, 1873 at Cleveland, Ohio. Graduated from Yale in 1895. Became president of the Wheeler Mfg. Co. and the Alignum Co., retiring from active business in 1904. From 1918-35 he served as U.S. consul in British East Africa, Bermuda, Kenya, Madeira, Leeds, England, Ceylon, Cardiff, Wales, and Valencia, Spain. Member of Albion Lodge No. 26, New York City, receiving degrees on Jan. 9, Jan. 23 and Feb. 13, 1899. He was junior warden of his lodge in 1901-02. d. May 12, 1937.

Charles Howard, 2nd Baron of Effingham (1536-1624) Of the English house of Howard, he was also the 1st Earl of Nottingham. Ambassador to France in 1559; lord chamberlain from 1574-85, and as lord high admiral from 1585-1618, he held the chief command against the Spanish Armada in 1588, which he defeated. He was the commissioner for the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1586. According to William Preston, q.v., he was grand master of England from 1579-88.

Thomas, 3rd Earl of Effingham Served the Grand Lodge of England as pro grand master from 1782-90 in place of the Duke of Cumberland, who was of royal blood.

Philippe Egalite (see Due de Chartres) W. Grant Egbert (1869-1928) Musician. b. Dec. 28, 1869 at Danby, N.Y. Received M.A. in music from Syracuse U. in 1904 and studied in Europe under several masters. He made his debut at age of eight as a violinist, touring the U.S. and the capitals of Europe. He was concert-meister and assistant conductor of the Sevcik Orchestra at Prague for three years, and in 1892 founded and directed the Ithaca Conservatory of Music, bringing Cesar Thomson and 0. Sevcik to the U.S. as instructors. Member of Fidelity Lodge No. 51, Ithaca, N.Y., receiving degrees on April 15, May 6 and May 20, 1902. d. Dec. 18, 1928.

Edward Eggleston (1837-1902) American author. b. Dec. 10, 1837 in Vevay, Ind. He was a Methodist pastor and Bible agent in Minnesota from 1858-66, but his poor health forced him to turn to other occupations for a living, which as he stated were "always honest, but sometimes undignified." In 1866 he moved to Evanston, Ill., where he was associate editor of the Little Corporal, a children's paper, to which he had previously contributed. Within a year he became the editor of Sunday School Teacher and gained a reputation as a speaker. During this time he was a contributor to the New York Independent, and in 1870 moved to New York and became its literary editor, and later the editor. In 1871 he became editor of Hearth and Home, but resigned in a year due to ill health, and spent the remainder of his life writing. Among his novels depicting early life in Indiana are The Hoosier Schoolmaster; The End of the World; The Circuit Rider; Roxy; The Hoosier Schoolboy; The Graysons, and The Faith Doctor. He received his degrees in Ancient Landmark Lodge No. 5, St. Paul, Minn., in 1863.

William H. Egle (1830-1901) Historian and physician. b. Sept. 17, 1830 in Harrisburg, Pa. He spent three years as a printer on the Pennsylvania Telegraph and later became editor of Literary Companion and also Daily Times. He graduated in medicine from U. of Pennsylvania in 1859 and served during the Civil War as a surgeon, being chief medical officer of General Birney's division. From 1871, he turned his attention to historical research, and, in 1887 was appointed state librarian of Pennsylvania. Most of his writings are on Pennsylvania history including Notes and Queries Relating to Interior Pennsylvania; History of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania in the Revolution, and many others. He was a member of Perseverance Lodge No. 21 of Harrisburg, Pa., receiving degrees on Oct. 9, Nov. 9, 1854, serving as master in 1866 and resigning in 1870. d. in 1901.

Alexander, 10th Earl of Eglinton Grand Master Mason (15th) of Scotland in 1750. House of Montgomerie.

Archibald, 16th Earl of Eglinton Grand Master Mason (82nd) of Scotland in 1920. Also Earl of Winton.

Arthur B. Eisenhower Scottish peer of the realm. Initiated in Apollo University Lodge No. 357 in 1936. Affiliated with Lodge No. 0 in 1947 and master of same in 1953. Substitute grand master in 1955.

Fausto Ehluller, with the Arago brothers, is said to have established the first Masonic lodge in Mexico City; he enlisted the support of the most distinguished men of Mexico, including the Mexican national hero, Miguel Hidalgo, curate of the village of Hidalgo, state of Guanajuato; he later was known as the father of Mexican Independence. He was initiated in 1808. He was defeated at the River Santiago, 1811, and betrayed into the hands of the Spaniards, q.v.

John C. B. Ehringhaus (1882-1949) Governor of North Carolina, 1933-37. b. Feb. 5, 1882 at Elizabeth City, N.C. Graduate of U. of N.C., and admitted to bar in 1903, practicing at Elizabeth City. After a term as governor, he practiced at Raleigh. Member of Eureka Lodge No. 317 of Elizabeth City (EA Nov. 13, 1917; FC Feb. 18, 1918; MM Feb. 26, 1918). Exalted in Cherokee Chapter No. 14, R.A.M. on Oct. 14, 1920 and knighted in Griggs Commandery No. 14, K.T. on Feb. 1, 1921—all of Elizabeth City, N.C. d. July 29, 1949.

Robert L. Eichelberger Lieutenant General, U.S. Army. b. March 9, 1886 at Urbana, Ohio. Graduate of U.S. Military Academy in 1909 and advanced through grades to major general in 1941 and lieutenant general in 1942. He served on Mexican border in 1911, Canal Zone, 1911-15, and major of infantry in 1918-19. He was with the Siberian Expeditionary Forces in 1918; Philippines, 1920; China and Japan, 1920-21; General Staff, 1921-24; adjutant general of U.S. Military Academy, 1931-35; sec. General Staff at Washington, 1935-38; commander of the Presidio, San Francisco and 30th Infantry, 1938-40; superintendent of U.S. Military Academy, 1940-42. In WWII he commanded the 77th Infantry div., 1st Corps, and participated in Philippines reoccupation, New Guinea and New Britain campaigns. He commanded the 8th Army from 1944-48 and the allied and U.S. occupation forces of Japan from 1946-48 when he retired. Author of Our Bloody Jungle Road to Tokyo. Member of Pike Lodge No. 36, Washington, D.C., 32° AASR in Army Consistory, Fort Leavenworth, Kans. on Nov. 28, 1925. d. Sept. 26, 1961.

Rudolph Eickemeyer (1831-1895) American inventor. b. in Altenbamberg, Bavaria, coming to the U.S. in 1850. He patented about 150 inventions including a hat-manufacturing machine that helped revolutionize that industry; a differential gear for mowing and reaping machine in 1870; many electrical machines and devices, including the first symmetrical drum armature iron-clad dynamo, direct-connected railway motor and others. He was the discoverer and first employer of Charles P. Steinmetz. Member of Rising Star Lodge No. 450, Yonkers, N.Y.

Carl Ben Eielson (1897-1929) Aviator and Arctic explorer. b. July 20, 1897 at Hatton, N.D. Early Arctic aviator who taught others about Arctic flying and flew Sir Hubert Wilkins over the North Pole. The plane in which they made the trip is in the North Dakota state historical building at Bismarck, where it is deposited as a memorial to Eielson. A member of Garfield Lodge No. 105 at Hatton, N.D., his degrees were conferred March 31, June 3, Sept. 16, 1921. He was lost while on a rescue mission in the Siberian Arctic on Nov. 9, 1929.

Arthur B. Eisenhower (1886-1958) Executive Vice President of Commerce Trust Co., Kansas City, Mo., and brother of President Eisenhower. b. Nov. 11, 1886 at Hope, Kans. With the Commerce Trust since 1905. Was a director of several banks and corporations including TWA airlines. Member of Rural Lodge No. 316 of Kansas City. Member of Orient Chapter No. 102, R.A.M. and Oriental Commandery No. 35, K.T., but withdrew from each in 1937. Also withdrew from Ararat Shrine Temple in 1938. d. Feb., 1958.

Dwight D. Eisenhower President of the United States. He is not a Freemason, but holds the fraternity in high regard. On February 24, 1955 he addressed 1,100 Freemasons at a breakfast given by Frank S. Land in the Statler Hotel in Washington, D.C. At this time he stated: "I feel a distinct sense of pride in appearing before this group which takes on its own shoulders the care and welfare of the unfortunate. This group, by action, recognizes the responsibilities of brotherhood by helping one another . . . you are setting an example to all of us that we must do our duty if we are to prove the Communists to be in error—to be liars.”

Milton S. Eisenhower President of Pennsylvania State University since 1950. b. Sept. 15, 1899 at Abilene, Kans. Graduate of Kansas State Coll. in 1924. Honorary degrees from 17 colleges and universities. City editor of the Abilene Daily Reflector in 1918 and 1920-21. From 1924-26 he was U.S. vice consul at Edinburgh, Scotland. From 1926-40 he was with the U.S. department of agriculture as assistant to the secretary and director of information. He was director of the War Relocation Authority in 1942 and associate director of the Office of War Information 1942-43. From 1943-50 he was president of Kansas State Coll. He has served on many national and international committees on education, relief, etc., including membership on the executive board of UNESCO special ambassador and personal representative of the Presidenton Latin American affairs, and director of Freedoms Foundation. Made a Mason "at sight" by the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania on Nov. 5, 1951 by William E. Yeager, grand master; petitioned State College Lodge No. 700 at State College, Pa., on May 13, 1952 and was admitted June 10, 1952.

Walter E. Ekblaw (1882-1949) Geographer. Geologist and botanist on Crocker Land Arctic Expedition of 1913-17. b. March 10, 1882 at Rantoul, Ill. Graduate of U. of Illinois including Ph.D. He was research associate of American Museum of Natural History, 1917-22, consultant geologist until 1924 and editor of Economic Geography from 1924. Member of Rantoul Lodge No. 470, Rantoul, Ill., receiving degrees on June 5, June 21 and Aug. 30, 1906. d. June 5, 1949.

Samuel Elbert (1743-1788) Revolutionary Brigadier General; Governor of Georgia, and last grand master of Georgia to be appointed by the United Grand Lodge of England. b. in Prince William parish, S.C., he was orphaned at an early age and went to Savannah. In 1774, he was elected captain of a grenadier company and entered the Continental army with rank of lieutenant colonel in 1776. He participated in an expedition against the British in East Florida and later captured Fort Oglethorpe. At the action of Brier Creek, where he commanded 60 continentals and 160 militia, he was surrounded on three sides and made a valiant stand. He was captured and wounded in this action and according to accounts was saved by a British officer who drew him out of the line of fire when he had given a Masonic sign. He was a member of Solomon Lodge No. 1, Savannah. He resigned as grand master of the Provincial Grand Lodge of Georgia (under English constitution) on Dec. 16, 1786 in order that the new Grand Lodge of Georgia might be organized. He was made brigadier general in 1783 and subsequently held the rank of major general of Georgia militia. Elbert county, Ga., was named in his honor. d. Nov. 2, 1788.

Samuel H. Elbert (1833-1899) Governor of Colorado Territory in 1873. b. in Logan Co., Ohio. Following his term as governor, he was justice of the supreme court of Colorado. He was initiated in Plattsmouth Lodge No. 6 of Nebraska and was a charter member and first master of Union Lodge No. 7, Denver, Colo. in 1863, serving again in 1869. He was also a charter member of Denver Chapter No. 2, R.A.M. and member of Colorado Commandery No. 1, K.T., Denver. d. Nov. 27, 1899.

Francis, Lord Elcho Grand Master Mason (57th) of Scotland in 1827-29. He was later the 8th Earl of Wemyss.

Bowman Elder (1888-1954) President of Southern Indiana Railway and veterans' organization executive. b. March 4, 1888 at Indianapolis, Ind. Entered real estate business with father in 1912. Vice president of Circle Agencies, Inc., and consular agent for France at Indianapolis, 1934-40. Served in France during WWI. In 1927 he was chairman of the France Convention Committee of the American Legion when 20,000 legionaires, known as the "2nd A.E.F." went to France. It was the largest peace time movement in history. He was national treasurer of the American Legion, 1928-33. Received his degrees in Oriental Lodge No. 500, Indianapolis, Ind., on Oct. 21, Oct. 28, Nov. 4, 1919. d. June 10, 1954.

Harry S. Eldred Executive Vice President of Armour & Co., since 1950. b. Jan. 21, 1889 at Colfax, Ind. He was an auditor from 1909 until 1919 when he became plant managerof Morris & Co., Kansas City. In 1923 he went with Armour as plant accountant, becoming general auditor in 1925, assistant to vice president in charge of operations in 1930, general manager of plants in 1934, vice president in charge of operations in 1936 and executive vice president and member of executive committee since 1950. Mason.

Charles, 5th Earl of Elgin Grand Master Mason (23rd) of Scotland, 1761-62. Also the 7th Earl of Kincardine.

Edward James Bruce, 10th Earl of Elgin Grand Master Mason (83rd) of Scotland, 1921-22. Also 14th Earl of Kincardine. Initiated in Lord Elgin and Bruce Lodge No. 1077 in 1912 and served as master in 1913 and 1922. He affiliated with Lodge No. 77 and was master in 1914. Also member of Old Etonian Lodge No. 4500 (English) and master of it in 1928. Founding member of Librarius Lodge No. 6966 (English); member of Royal Altha Lodge No. 16 (English) and master of same in 1948. Honorary past master of Elgin Lodge No. 7 (Quebec) in 1923. He is past senior grand warden of the Grand Lodge of England and an active Royal Arch Mason. He is the head of the Royal Order of Scotland, an organization traditionally founded by his ancestor, Robert le Bruce. The earl lives at Broomhall, Dunfermline, and in the entrance hall is displayed the famous sword of Robert le Bruce, q.v., that has been handed down through the family.

John Eliot (1604-1690) "Apostle of the Indians," minister and author. b. in Widford, Hertfordshire, England on Aug. 5, 1604. He graduated from Cambridge in 1622, and after teaching school, he entered the holy orders of the Church of England. On Nov. 4, 1631 he landed in Boston, Mass. He first preached in a Boston church and then moved to Roxbury where he taught the Indians for 60 years. He saw much of his work with the Indians destroyed by King Philip's War. He was the author of A Primer or Catechism, in the Massachusetts Indian Language (1654); Up-Bookum Psalmes (1663) and many others. His Indian translation of the Bible in 1663 was the first Bible printed in North America. Although he is thought to have been a Freemason, no record has been found. Mackey's Encyclopedia shows a facsimile of a shipping mark with Masonic emblems sent to Eliot from England.

Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland from 1558-1603. Anderson referred to her in his first Book of Constitutions of the Grand Lodge of England. After stating that no woman should be admitted as a member of a Masonic lodge, he said: "The learned and magnanimous Queen Elizabeth, who encourag'd other Arts, discourag'd this; because, being a Woman, she could not be made a Mason, tho', as other great Women, she might have much employ'd Masons like Semiramis and Artemisia." He continued, "Elizabeth being jealous of any Assemblies of her Subjects, whose Business she was not duly appris'd of, attempted to break up the Annual Communication of Masons, as dangerous to her Government. But as old Masons have transmitted it by Tradition, when the noble Persons her Majesty had commissioned, and brought a sufficient Posse with them at York, on St. John's Day, were once admitted into the Lodge, they made no use of Arms, and returned the Queen a most honorable Account of the ancient Fraternity, whereby her political fears and doubts were dispell'd, and she let them alone as a People much respected by the Noble and Wise of all the polite Nations, but neglected the Art all her Reign." In his edition of 1738, Anderson added the following:"Now Learning of all Sorts revived, and the good old Augustan Style began to peep from under its rubbish. And it would have soon made great progress if the Queen had affected Architecture. But hearing the Masons had certain secrets that could not be reveal'd to her (for that she could not be Grand Master) and being jealous of all Secret Assemblies, she sent an armed force to break up their annual Grand Lodge at York on St. John's Day, 27th December, 1561. But Sir Thomas Sackville, Grand Master, took care to make some of the chief men sent Free-Masons, who then joining in that Communication, made a very honourable report to the Queen, and she never more attempted to dislodge or distrust them, but esteem'd them as a peculiar sort of men that cultivated peace and friendship, arts and science, without meddling in the affairs of Church and State." This is undoubtedly pure fiction.

Elizabeth H Queen of England. She is grand patroness of each of the three Royal Masonic Benevolent Institutions conducted by the Grand Lodge of England—one for old people and one each for boys and girls. When she married Lord Mountbatten, now Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, q.v., the United Grand Lodge of England presented her with a gift costing $2,500 in appreciation of the services her father, King George VI, q.v.; rendered to the Craft.

Stephen B. Elkins (1841-1911) U.S. Secretary of War, 1891-93, and U.S. Senator from West Virginia, 1895- 1911. b. Sept. 26, 1841 in Perry Co., Ohio, moving to Missouri in his youth and attending the U. of Missouri in 1860. He served as a captain of the 77th Missouri regiment in the Civil War and later went to New Mexico, where he was admitted to the bar in 1864. He accumulated a fortune in stock raising and mining and was a member of the territorial legislature in 1865-66 and U.S. district attorney in 1870-72. He was then elected a delegate to congress and served two terms, 1873-77. In 1875 he became interested in West Virginia railroads, founding the town of Elkins, W.Va. and moving there about 1890. He was a member of Montezuma Lodge No. 109, New Mexico. At one time he was captured by Quantrill's band, tied up and ready to be shot, when, it is claimed, he gave a Masonic sign and was enabled to make his escape.

William L. Elkins Founder of the Pennsylvania Masonic Home for Girls. He became a member of Harmony Lodge No. 52 of Philadelphia on June 4, 1864.

Henry Ellenbogen U.S. Congressman, 73rd to 75th Congresses (193338) from 33rd Pa. dist. b. April 3, 1900. Graduate of Duquesne U. He has been judge of the court of common pleas of Allegheny Co. since 1938. Active in labor arbitration, he is a member of the national panel of arbitrators of American Arbitration Assn. Member of Oakland Lodge No. 535, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Mizpeh Chapter No. 288, R.A.M. and Allegheny Council No. 18, R. & S.M. of Pittsburgh and Islam Grotto.

William Ellery (1727-1820) Signer of the Declaration of Independence. b. Dec. 22, 1727 at Newport, RI., where his father was a successful merchant and politician. Like his father, he attended Harvard, graduating in 1747. He later engaged in business in Newport and began the practice of law there in 1770. He took his seat in the Continental Congress in May, 1776 and was an influential member. In 1785 he was an active supporter of Rufus King, q.v., in his effort to abolish slavery throughout the country. He served in congress until 1786 with the exception of the years 1780 and 1782. d. Feb. 15, 1820. It cannot be said for certain that Ellery was a Freemason. There is record of a "William Ellery" being made a Mason in St. John's Lodge of Boston on Oct. 12 and also Oct. 25 of 1748. Ellery had graduated from Harvard in Boston the year before. The same Ellery was present at the celebration of St. John the Evangelist Day by the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts on Dec. 27, 1753 and also attended a sermon with the grand lodge at Boston's Trinity church on Oct. 1, 1755. His name on the list of members of St. John's gives the date of reception, but under the column for withdrawal or death, no entry was made, indicating they had no knowledge of what became of him. There was also such a name on the rolls of St. John's Lodge No. 4, Hartford, Conn., showing he was admitted Feb. 8, 1763 and was treasurer of the lodge later in the year.

Aaron Elliott (?-1811) First American physician west of the Mississippi and first master of the first lodge west of that river. He came to Missouri from Connecticut, settling near Ste. Genevieve. Land records of 1798 show that he purchased a tract from Maxwell, the Cure, that year. He probably received his degrees in the East, for he is found as a visitor at Kaskaskia No. 107 (across the river in Illinois) on Dec. 27, 1806 at the feast of St. John the Evangelist. He next appears as one of the signers of the application for a dispensation for Louisiana Lodge No. 109, being recommended in the petition (to the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania) as master of the lodge. The first returns of the lodge (1808) gives his name as master and charter member. When St. Louis Lodge No. 111 applied for a dispensation on Aug. 2, 1808, it had to have the approval of the nearest lodge —which was No. 109 at Ste. Genevieve. Their action was prompt, for six days later, on Aug. 8, Elliott as master signed the request directed to the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, stating . . . "we do further recommend Brother Meriwether Lewis, q.v., a Past Master Mason, Thomas Fiveash Riddick, q.v., a Master Mason, and Brother Rufus Easton, q.v., a Master Mason, as proper persons to fill the respective offices to which they have been nominated in a new Lodge to be constituted in the town of St. Louis. . . ." His family was closely allied with the old established families of Ste. Genevieve, one daughter marrying William C. Carr and another Leon Delassus. d. July, 1811.

Byron K. Elliott President of John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co. b. May 5, 1899 at Indianapolis, Ind. Degrees from Indiana and Harvard universities. Admitted to Indiana bar in 1921, practicing at Indianapolis. Was judge of the superior court of Indiana from 1926-29, resigning in the latter year. President of the Curtis-Wright Flying Service of Ind. 1927-29. Went with John Hancock in 1934 as a solicitor, becoming general counsel, director, executive vice president and president. Served as lieutenant in WWI. Mason, receiving 33° AASR (NJ) in Sept., 1957.

Erroll T. Elliott College president, editor and executive of Friends of America. b. Nov. 10, 1894 at Carthage, Mo. Degrees from Friends U. (Wichita, Kans.) and U. of Colorado. A pastor of the Friends church from 192630 and secretary of Five Years Meeting of Friends in America, 1930-36. President of William Penn Coll. at Oskaloosa, Ia., 1942-44. Since 1944 he has been executive secretary of Five Years Meeting of Friends and editor of The American Friend at Richmond, Ind. Mason.

Francis P. Elliott (1861-1924) Editor. b. July 29, 1861 at Nashville, Tenn. Taught and supervised schools in early years. With Harper & Bros., New York, 1898-1900; managing editor of Home Magazine, New York, 1900-03; The New Age, Washington, 1903-04; The Great Southwest, Denver, 1906-08. Author of Pals First; Lend Me Your Name; and The Shadow Girl. Mason. d. Aug. 13, 1924.

I. H. Elliott Union Brigadier General, Civil War. Breveted March 13, 1865 in Volunteers. Member of Bureau Lodge No. 112, Princeton, Ill.

James D. Elliott (1859-1933) U.S. District Judge, District of South Dakota, 1911-33. b. Oct. 7, 1859 at Mt. Sterling, Ill. Admitted to S.D. bar in 1884 and practiced at Tyndall, and later, Aberdeen. Raised in Mount Zion Lodge No. 6, Springfield, S.D. on March 27, 1887, affiliating with Bon Homme Lodge No. 101 at Tyndall as a charter member on June 18, 1888; was senior deacon of the latter in 1889-90. d. Jan. 30, 1933.

Kenneth B. Elliott Vice President of the Studebaker Corp. from 1941. b. Jan. 22, 1896 at Lebanon, Mo. Graduate of Drury Coll., Springfield, Mo. in 1916. Began as an accountant and auditor. Went with the Studebaker Corp. in 1928 as assistant treasurer and was later assistant comptroller and assistant to president. Member of Laclede Lodge No. 83 and Lebanon Chapter No. 64, both of Lebanon, Mo.

Clyde T. Ellis U.S. Congressman, 76th and 77th Congresses (1939-43) from 3rd Ark. dist. b. Dec. 21, 1908 near Garfield, Ark. Admitted to bar in 1933 and practiced at Garfield and Bentonville. Served terms in both bodies of the state legislature. Member of Bentonville Lodge No. 48, Bentonville, Ark.

Crawford H. Ellis President of Pan American Life Insurance Co. from 1912 and Vice President of United Fruit Co. from 1909. b. Aug. 26, 1875 at Selma, Ala. He began as an accountant in 1893 and in 1899 was manager of the United Fruit Co., serving in that capacity until 1909 when he became vice president. Mason and Knight Templar.

Griffith 0. Ellis (1869-1948) Editor, publisher and Boy Scout founder. b. Nov. 19, 1869 at Urbana, Ohio. Graduate of U. of Michigan. Became connected with the Sprague Publishing Co., Detroit in 1891 and was president of it from 1908-39. He was editor of the American Boy published by the above house from 1908-40. Also president of the Wm. A. Scripps Co. He participated in the organization of the Boy Scouts of America in 1910 and has served on the national council since that time. Received the award of Silver Buffalo in 1931 from Boy Scouts. Was an officer of two banks and president of the Detroit Street Railway Commission from 1920-30 which municipalized Detroit's system. Raised April 11, 1911 in Oriental Lodge No. 240; 32° AASR (NJ). d. Feb. 4, 1948.

John W. Ellis (1820-1861) Governor of North Carolina, 1858-61, dying in office. b. Nov. 25, 1820 in Rowan Co., N.C. Graduate of U. of North Carolina in 1841 and admitted to bar following year. A member of the state house of commons from 1844-48 when he was elected judge of the superior court of N.C. As governor he took possession of the U.S. arsenal at Fayetteville and the U.S. mint at Charlotte in 1861. He was a member of Fulton Lodge No. 99, Salisbury, N.C. and master of same in 1853. In 1850 he represented Wm. R. Davie Lodge No. 119 at the grand lodge sessions. Also member of Salisbury Chapter No. 20, R.A.M.

Thomas Q. Ellis General Grand High Priest of the General Grand Chapter, Royal Arch Masons, 1954-57. b. Dec. 11, 1890 near Bolling Green, Miss. Educated in public schools and business college. For 20 years he was a train dispatcher for the Illinois Central Railroad, but turning to politics in 1931, he was elected clerk of the supreme court of Mississippi over five opponents in the largest vote ever given a statewide candidate, and took office in Jan., 1932. Since that time he has been reelected five times without opposition. He is a life member of Valley City Lodge No. 402, Water Valley, Miss., and past grand master of the Grand Lodge of Mississippi; life member of McConico Chapter No. 96, R.A:M., Water Valley, and grand high priest of the state in 1941; life member and past master of J. J. Melton Council No. 50, R. & S.M.; life member and past commander of St. Cyr Commandery No. 6 and past grand commander of the Grand Commandery, K.T. of Mississippi. He is past sovereign of St. Leonard Conclave, Red Cross of Constantine; member of Delta Consistory, AASR (SJ) and KCCH. Ellis is much in demand as a public speaker.

William H. Ellis (1867-1948) Justice, Supreme Court of Florida, 1911-38. b. Sept. 17, 1867 in Pensacola, Fla. Admitted to bar in 1889. Served Florida as state auditor and attorney general. Mason. d. April 14, 1948.

George R. Ellison (1881-1957) Judge, Supreme Court of Missouri, 1931-1955. b. July 22, 1881 at Canton, Mo. Graduate of Harvard U. in 1903, he studied law at U. of Missouri and was admitted to bar in 1904, practicing at Maryville. He was a commissioner of the state supreme court from 192730. Member of Nodaway Lodge No. 470, Maryville, Mo., receiving degrees on Jan. 13, June 13, Aug. 1, 1912. d. July 17, 1957.

Lee Ellmaker (1896-1951) Publisher. b. Aug. 7, 1896 at Lancaster, Pa. Began as a newspaper reporter in 1913; vice president of the National City Bureau in Washington, D.C. 1918-25; correspondent for International News Service, 1919-23. In 1926 he organized the Philadelphia Daily News, and has since been its publisher. While with the Macfadden Publications from 1927-31, he published Liberty and other publications for them. From 1931-33 he published Pictorial Review and from 1932-40, Woman's World. Served with U.S. Navy in WWI. Member of Keystone Lodge No. 271, Philadelphia, receiving degrees on Dec. 8, 1919, Nov. 29, 1920 and April 18, 1921. d. March 27, 1951.

Oliver Ellsworth (1745-1807) Third Chief Justice of U.S. Supreme Court; first U.S. Senator from Connecticut. b. April 29, 1745 in Windsor, Conn. He entered Yale U. in 1762, but afterward went to Princeton U. where he was graduated in 1766 with high honors. It was while a student at Princeton that he became a charter member of St. John's Lodge at Princeton, N.J. on Dec. 27, 1765. He studied theology for a year and abandoned it for law, being admitted to the bar in 1771. In 1778 he took his seat as a delegate to the Continental congress, serving until 1783. In 1784 he accepted the assignment of judge of the Connecticut superior court and held it until he became a member of the Constitutional convention of 1787. It was through his insistence that the words "national government" were removed from the draft and "government of the United States" substituted. He was an advocate of state's rights at the convention, but did not have an opportunity to sign the Constitution as he was called home at that time. He was U.S. senator from Connecticut from 1789 to 1796 and was on the committee for organizing the U.S. judiciary, the bill being in his own handwriting. He was the Federalist leader in the senate. The mission of John Jay to England in 1794 was at his suggestion; and in 1799 he was named with Patrick Henry and William R. Davie for a special mission to France to negotiate with that country at a time of strained relations. He later served as chief justice of the supreme court of Connecticut, but ill health forced his resignation after serving a short term. d. Nov. 26, 1807.

Dave Elman Actor, radio writer and director. b. May 6, 1900, in Park River, N.D. From 1914-22 he was an actor and from 1922-24 a song writer. In the latter year he became a radio writer, director and producer. He originated and produced the radio feature Hobby Lobby in 1938. He is a lecturer on the value of hobbies and in 1939 wrote Hobbies on Parade. Mason.

Charles H. Elston U.S. Congressman to 78th through 81st Congresses (1939-51) from 1st Ohio dist. b. Aug. 1, 1891 at Marietta, Ohio. Admitted to Ohio bar in 1914 and practiced at Cincinnati. In aviation service during WWI. Member of Walnut Hills Lodge No. 483, Cincinnati, receiving degrees on March 16, April 27 and May 25, 1915; 32° AASR (NJ), Shriner, member of Royal Order of Jesters and Grotto.

Julian Eltinge (1883-1941) Actor. b. May 14, 1883 at Boston, Mass. He began his professional career at Keith's Theatre, Boston. He was famous for his female impersonations. Eltinge was a member of Pacific Lodge No. 233 of New York City and a charter member of the "233 Masonic Club" of Hollywood, Calif. d. March 7, 1941.

Ford Q. Elvidge Governor of Guam, 1953-56. b. Nov. 30, 1892 at Oakland, Calif. Admitted to Washington bar in 1918 and practiced at Seattle. Active in many civic enterprises and organizations. Served as a lieutenant in WWI with 13th Infantry. Governor of Washington State Bar Assn., 1943-46; past president of English Speaking Union. A past master of Arcane Lodge No. 87, Seattle, he was grand master of the Grand Lodge of Washington for 16 months (1944-45). He served on the grand lodge jurisprudence committee from 1945-53. A member of both York and Scottish Rites, he received his 33° AASR (SJ) on Dec. 11, 1943. In 1956 he was vice president of the American Baptist convention. Grand Sovereign of the national Red Cross of Constantine (1957).

John W. Elwood Business executive. b. July 17, 1895 at Illion, N.Y. He was assistant to vice president of General Electric Co. in 1947-48 and assistant secretary of same in 1918-22. Later he was secretary of Radio Corp. of America and vice president of Federal Telegraph Co. of Delaware. In 1927-29 he was assistant to the president of National Broadcasting Co., program manager of the same from 1928-29 and vice president, 1929-34. For a time he was a public relations consultant. He was manager of the international division of NBC and since 1942 has been general manager of NBC-KNBC at San Francisco. Mason.

Philip H. Elwood, Jr. Landscape architect and regional planner. b. Dec. 7, 1884 at Fort Plain, N.Y. Graduate of Cornell U. Organized department of landscape architecture at Ohio State U. in 1915 and head of same department at Iowa State Coll. since 1923. Landscape engineer for Argonne cemetery (France) in 1919. At various times he has been consultant or advisor to Columbus, Ohio; Iowa Conservation plan, Iowa Planning Board, National Resources Commission, Missouri Valley Regional Planning Commission, Ames, Iowa; Iowa Roadside Improvement Council, American Association of Highway Officials, U.S. Army Engineers, Boys Town, Nebr.; Pi Beta Phi settlement school (Tenn.), and National Park Service. Mason, 32° AASR.

Frank C. Emerson (1882-1931) Governor of Wyoming, 1927-30. b. May 26, 1882 at Saginaw, Mich. Graduate of U. of Michigan in 1904. Entered general engineering practice in Wyoming in 1904 and was chief engineer of the Wyoming Land & Irrigation Co. and Wyoming Irrigation Co., 1907-15. From 1915-19 he was superintendent of the Big Horn Canal Association and Lower Hanover Canal Association and also state engineer of Wyoming from 1919-27. He was made a Mason Feb. 5, 1807 in Cheyenne Lodge No. 1 at Cheyenne and affiliated with Greybull Lodge No. 34, Greybull on June 5, 1914. On Jan. 25, 1919 he affiliated with Cloud Peak Lodge No. 27 at Worland. He was made a Knight Templar in Wyoming Commandery No. 1 and received 32° AASR (SJ) on Dec. 13, 1907. d. Feb. 18, 1931.

Nehemiah Emerson A captain in the Revolutionary War who was one of the guards at the execution of Major Andre, q.v. Received his degrees in Washington Lodge No. 10 (military) and was later a member of Merrimack Lodge at Haverhill, Mass.

DeWitt McKinley Emery (18961955) Founder of National Small Business Men's Association in 1937 and president of same. b. Dec. 12, 1896 at Grove City, Pa. President and treasurer of Monroe Letterhead Co. since 1929. Mason. d. July 23, 1955.

Louis L. Emmerson (1863-1941) Governor of Illinois, 1929-33. b. Dec. 27, 1863 at Albion, Ill. He entered the mercantile business in Mt. Vernon, Ill. in 1883 and in 1901 organized and was president of the Third National Bank, Mt. Vernon. Active in Republican politics, he was chairman of the state central committee, served on state board of equalization and was elected secretary of state in 1916, 1920 and 1924. He was initiated on Dec. 8, 1890 in Mt. Vernon Lodge No. 31 and was grand master of the Grand Lodge of Illinois in 1929. 33° AASR (NJ). He was also grand commander of the Grand Commandery, K.T. of Illinois and in 1929 was appointed grand treasurer of the Grand Encampment, K.T. In 1913 he was grand high priest of the Grand Chapter, R.A.M. of Illinois. d. Feb. 4, 1941.

Raoul Engel Belgian Masonic martyr. A past grand master of the Grand Lodge of Belgium. He was one of 112 Freemasons murdered during the Nazi occupation of this country. Others included Georges Petre, grand commander of the Scottish Rite in Belgium, the lieutenant grand commander, General Emile Lartigue and eleven of the twelve members of the supreme council. Broadcasts over the Nazi radio stations in 1941 accused Freemasonry thusly: "To sabotage everything, to befoul everything, to lead the people to ruin, to sow hatred and despair everywhere, sums up the whole activity of the Freemasons.”

Fred Englehardt (1885-1944) President of the University of New Hampshire from 1937. b. April 15, 1885 at Naugatuck, Conn. Graduate of Yale, Columbia and Harvard universities. Taught and administered schools until 1919. Was director of administration in Pennsylvania state department of education and professor and dean at U. of Pittsburgh and U. of Minnesota. Member of No. Constellation Lodge No. 291, Malone, N.Y. d. Feb. 3, 1944.

Elbert H. English (1816-1884) Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Arkansas, 1854-1884. b. March 6, 1816 in Madison Co., Ala. He studied law and practiced at Athens, Ala. until 1844 when he moved to Little Rock, Ark. He was general grand high priest of the General Grand Chapter from 1874-77. Raised in Athens Lodge No. 16, Athens, Ala. In 1843 he affiliated with Western Star Lodge No. 2 in Little Rock and was master in 1845 and served as grand master of Arkansas in 1849. In 1859 he was againelected grand master and served continuously for ten years. He was exalted in Union Chapter No. 2, Little Rock, in 1846 and was a member of the convention that formed the Grand Chapter of Arkansas in 1851, being elected first grand high priest in 1851, 1857, 1858, 1869 and 1870. The cryptic degrees were communicated to him by Albert Pike, q.v., in 1853 for the purpose of organizing Occidental Council No. 1. When the Grand Council of Arkansas was organized in 1860, he was elected grand recorder. In 1865, 1866, 1871 and 1872 he was grand master of the same. English was knighted in Hugh de Payens Commandery No. 1, Little Rock, on its organization in 1853 and assisted in organizing the Grand Commandery of Arkansas in 1872. He was grand commander in 1876-77. Received 33° AASR (SJ) in 1859 and made grand inspector general and honorary member of the Supreme Council. d. Sept. 1, 1884.

James E. English (1812-1890) U.S. Senator and Governor of Connecticut. b. March 13, 1812 in New Haven, Conn. He was apprenticed in a carpenter's shop and by the time he reached his majority was a master builder. He engaged in the lumber business, real estate, banking and manufacturing and became one of the richest men in the state. He served in both legislative bodies of the state in the 1850's and was U.S. congressman from 1861-65. Served as governor of Connecticut from 1867-70 and elected U.S. senator in 1875. Member of Trumbull Lodge No. 22, New Haven. d. March 2, 1890.

William E. English (1854-1926) U.S. Congressman to 48th Congress (1883-85), from Indiana. He declined reelection. b. Nov. 3, 1854 at English-ton Park, Ind. He practiced law at Indianapolis until 1882. Served in both state legislative houses and was in the Spanish-American War under General Joseph Wheeler, being seriously wounded in the battle of Santiago. Raised in Centre Lodge No. 23, Indianapolis on March 17, 1890 and was master of same in 1893, 1894 and 1898, serving as grand master of the Grand Lodge of Indiana in 1904. A member of Indianapolis Chapter No. 5, R.A.M. he was high priest in 1900; greeted in Indianapolis Council No. 3, R. & A.M., he was master in 1900; knighted in Raper Commandery No. 1, K.T. and member of AASR (NJ) at Indianapolis. He is the author of History of Masonry in Indianapolis (190.). d. April 29, 1926.

William H. English (1822-1896) U.S. Congressman from Indiana, 185361. b. Aug. 27, 1822 in Lexington, Ind. A lawyer, he was secretary of the state convention that framed the constitution for Indiana, and was a member and first speaker of the house of representatives. From 1853-61 he was one of the regents of the Smithsonian Institution. He was nominated for vice president in 1880 on the Democratic ticket with General Hancock. Author of Conquest of the Northwest and other works. He became a member of Center Lodge No. 23, Indianapolis, when past 71 years of age (1893). d. Feb. 7, 1896.

John Entick (1703-1773) Church of England clergyman and schoolmaster. He is chiefly remembered in Freemasonry for his edition of the Book of Constitutions, published in 1756. It omitted some additions to the ancient charges which had marred Anderson's second edition of 1738. He was grand steward in 1755 and junior grand warden in 1758. His name appears on the title page of the next Book of Constitutions (1767), but it is improbable that he had much to do with its preparation as at that time he was in ill repute Masonically, as a complaint had been lodged against him regarding his administration of accounts of his lodge. His Latin dictionary was in use for many years by schools.

Eugene C. Eppley President of Eppley Hotels Co. since 1915, operating 20 hotels. b. April 8, 1884 at Akron, Ohio. Began with McKinley Hotel at Canton, Ohio in 1903. He is a director of the Sheraton Corp. of America, Mid-Continent Airlines, and served as national food administrator for hotels in WWI. In WWII he was food consultant to the secretary of war. He is a director of the Mt. Rushmore National Memorial Society of the Black Hills (S.D.) and was King Ak-Sar-Ben of the legendary Nebraskan Empire of Quivera at Omaha in 1933. Mason, 32° AASR and Shriner.

Jean Jacques Duval Epremesnil (1746-1794) Sometimes spelled Epremenu/ and Espremesnil. French jurist and politician. b. Dec. 5, 1745 at Pondicherry, India. He was educated in Paris and became a member of the French parliament, where, in 1788, he vigorously defended its rights against the royalty. For this he was imprisoned for four months. On his return to Paris, he was hailed as a hero and was chosen first deputy by the nobility. When he defended the royal cause as a member of the national assembly in 1791, and protested against the new constitution, he was attacked by a mob, wounded and rescued by the state troops. He escaped to his property near Havre, but was arrested there and condemned to death by a revolutionary tribunal at Paris and was guillotined on April 22, 1794. His wife, Francoise Augustine, who was called Mere des Pauvres, because of her many charities, was guillotined at the same time. Epremesnil was a member of the famous Lodge of the Nine Sisters at Paris, his name being on the calendar for 1788 as a "deputy" of the lodge.

George B. Erath (1813-1891) Indian fighter, soldier, surveyor. b. Jan. 1, 1813. He was a major in the battle of San Jacinto, Texas and later surveyed the site on which the city of Waco is located. Erath County, Texas is named for him. His original lodge is not known, but he was a charter member and first treasurer of Bosque Lodge No. 92, Waco (now Waco No. 92) in 1852. He served as secretary through 1855, was suspended NPD on Aug. 1, 1889, but reinstated in Dec. of that year. d. May 13, 1891.

Otto Linne Erdmann (1804-1869) German chemist who was known for his research on nickel, indigo, illuminating gas, and for determinations of atomic weights. Bulletin of International Masonic Congress (1917) states he was a Freemason.

John E. Erickson (18634946) U.S. Senator and Governor of Montana. b. March 14, 1863 at Stoughton, Wis. Admitted to Kansas bar in 1891 and moved to Montana in 1894 where he practiced at Kalispell; was county attorney and district judge. He was governor of Montana two terms, 192533, and on March 14, 1933 was appointed U.S. senator to fill a vacancy, serving until Nov. 6, 1934. He was a member of Choteau Lodge No. 44, later dimitting to Kalispell Lodge No. 42, which he served as master. Member of Cyrene Commandery No. 10, K.T. at Kalispell; 32° AASR (SJ) at Helena and Algeria Shrine Temple at Helena. d. May 25, 1946.

Leif Erickson Justice, Supreme Court of Montana. b. July 29, 1906 at Cashton, Wis. Graduate of U. of Chicago, he was admitted to Montana bar in 1934, serving as justice on supreme court from 1939-45. He received Democratic nomination for governor in 1944 and U.S. senator in 1946. Mason.

Milton S. Erlanger President of B.V.D. Co., 1929-48 and chairman of board of directors since 1948. b. Feb. 28, 1888 in Baltimore, Md. Graduateof Johns Hopkins U. in 1907. Joined B.V.D. Co. in 1907 and was elected vice president in 1909. Also director of N.C. Finishing Co., Salisbury-Erlanger Mills, Inc., Alexander Mfg. Co., and Lynchburg Garment Co. Member of Mount Neboh Lodge No. 257, New York City and Mecca Shrine Temple, New York City.

Mitchell L. Erlanger (1857-1940) Justice, Supreme Court of New York. He received a public school education and was self-educated in the classics. As sheriff of New York Co. in 1904-05 he effected many reforms and secured the release of many prisoners. Served on supreme court bench from 19071927 when he retired and was appointed official court referee for life. Received his degrees in True Craftsmen's Lodge No. 651, New York City on Jan. 23, Feb. 13 and Feb. 27, 1889; affiliated with Munn Lodge No. 190, New York City on April 13, 1893; affiliated with Pacific Lodge No. 233, New York City on Oct. 1, 1903. Member of the grand lodge committee on Hall and Asylum, 1905-06. d. Aug. 30, 1940.

Ernest Augustus (see Duke of Cumberland) Ernest II, Duke of Saxony-Coburg (1818-1893) Full name was August Karl Leopold Alexander Eduard. The older son of Ernest I, he became duke on his death in 1844. Born in Coburg, he was educated at Bonn and traveled extensively. He fought successfully in the war against Denmark in 1849. His liberal policies prevented disturbances in his duchy during the revolutionary crisis of 1848-49. A nationalist, he favored Austrian leadership and long opposed Bismarck, later siding with Prussia in the Seven Weeks' War, and took part in Franco-Prussian War of 1870. He was known as an excellent musician and wrote several operas. He was a cousin of Queen Victoria of England and a brother of the Prince fl• Samuel J. Ervin, Jr. consort, Albert, and nephew of Leopold I of Belgium. He founded the Lodge Ernst zum Compass at Gotha in 1857 and was master of the same.

Ernest Ludwig II. Duke of SaxeGotha-Altenburg (1745-1804) Initiated in Lodge Kosmopolit at Altenburg in July, 1774. In 1775 he accepted grandmastership of the National Grand Lodge of Berlin, but was obliged to resign the office a year later.

Ernst Gottlob Albert, Prince of Mecklemburg-Strelitz (1742-1785) Brother of Duke Karl Ludwig Friedrich. He became a major general in the English Army. Member of Lodge Irene zu den drei Sternen at Rostock from 1773 until his death.

Richard P. Ernst (1858-1934) U.S. Senator from Kentucky, 1921-27. b. Feb. 28, 1858 in Covington, Ky. B.A. at Centre Coll. in 1878 and LL.D. from same college. LL.B. from U. of Cincinnati in 1880. Admitted to bar in 1880, entering practice at Covington. Long active in educational and church (Presbyterian) work. Raised in Temple Noyes Lodge No. 32, Washington, D.C., and became member of Col. Clay Lodge No. 159 at Covington. d. April 13, 1934.

Leon Errol (1881-1951) Movie comedian. Member of Pacific Lodge No. 233, New York City.

Lord Henry Erskine (1746-1817) Scottish orator and wit. He was lord advocate of Scotland in 1783, and again in 1806, and dean of the faculty of advocates from 1785-95. He failed at reelection because of his condemnation of the government's sedition and treason bills as unconstitutional. He was an eloquent and witty orator at the Scottish bar and was the author of The Emigrant, an Eclogue, and several poems. He was master of Canon-gate Kilwinning Lodge at Edinburgh in 1780.

Robert Erskine (1735-1795) Surveyor General and Geographer to the Army of the United States during the Revolutionary War. b. Sept. 7, 1735 in Scotland, the son of a Presbyterian minister, he graduated at the U. of Edinburgh and became a renowned mathematician and hydraulic engineer. He was honored with membership in the Royal Society at the same time as Benjamin Franklin. He invented a hydraulic pump used in draining coal, mines and wrote on bridge design, water flow in navigation, canal improvement and tidal influences. In 1770 he came to America as a representative of a London syndicate to salvage some of their investment in the New Jersey iron mines at Ringwood. At the outbreak of the Revolution, he espoused the colonial cause and turned the iron production over to the American army. It was Erskine's iron that formed the chain boom across the Hudson at West Point. His many field survey parties ran their lines all the way from Philadelphia to Boston, and up the Hudson and into the Mohawk Valley. More than 200 maps, the results of his cartographic skill, may be seen among the collections of the New York Historical Society. He is on record as one of the visitors to American Union Lodge at Morristown on Dec. 27, 1779, when the famous mi..- tary traveling lodge entertained a distinguished assemblage, headed by General Washington. Erskine is supposed to have been made a Mason in Edinburgh or London. d. March 9, 1795.

Samuel J. Ervin, Jr. Justice of Supreme Court of North Carolina since 1948. Congressman from N.C. in 1946-47. b. Sept. 27, 1896 at Morganton, N.C. Degrees from U. of North Carolina and Harvard. Admitted to bar in 1919, he served as judge of criminal and superior courts. Served with First Infantry division (28th regiment) in WWI and was twice wounded in action. Member of Catawba Valley Lodge No. 217, Morganton, N.C.; Catawba Chapter No. 60, R.A.M., Hickory, N.C.; Lenoir Cornmandery No. 33, K.T., Lenoir, N.C. and 32° AASR (SJ) at Charlotte, N.C.

James B. Erwin (1856-1924) Brigadier General, U.S. Army. b. July 11, 1856 at Savannah, Ga., he graduated from U.S. Military Academy in 1880. He advanced through the grades to brigadier general in 1917. He participated in the Indian campaigns of 188586 and in 1897-98 he was superintendent of Yellowstone National Park. In WWI he commanded the 6th and 92nd divisions in France and took part in two major offensives as commander of the 12th brigade. Mason. d. July 10, 1924.

Marion C. Erwin Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy. b. March 15, 1893 at Hartsville, Tenn. He enlisted in the Navy as an apprentice seaman in 1910; was commissioned ensign in 1917 and advanced through grades to rear admiral in 1946, retiring from active duty that year. In WWI he was with the armed guard and British grand fleet. In WWII he was with the amphibious forces in Africa, Solomons, Guam, Iwo Jima, Philippines and Japan landings (1941-45). Mason.

Von Steinbach Erwin (1244?-1318) A distinguished German architect, who, as his name implies, was born at Steinbach, near Buhl. He was master of the works at the Cathedral of Strasburg. He was the head of the German fraternity of stonemasons, who were the precursors of the modern Freemasons. He began the cathedral tower in 1275 and finished it and the doorway before his death in 1318. His son,namesake, and successor worked with him on the Strasburg cathedral.

Mariano Escobedo (1827-1902) Mexican General, who as commanderin-chief of the Mexican army defeated, captured and executed Maximilian, q.v., at Queretaro in 1867. Born in Galeana, state of Nuevo Leon, of humble parentage, he first tasted the military life when he fought against General Zachary Taylor in the war with the United States. From that time on he was almost constantly fighting for political causes. He aligned himself with Juarez, q.v., and the liberal party and fought against the Roman Catholic church parties. When Juarez established his government in Mexico City, in January, 1861, he made Escobedo a brigadier general. He was twice taken prisoner and escaped. At the intervention of Napoleon III in Mexican affairs, he began his long fight against the foreign rule. When the empire was established in June, 1864, with Maximilian as emperor of Mexico, he was obliged to give up the struggle and escaped into Texas where he set up a resistance headquarters at San Antonio. By November, 1865, he was ready to return to Mexico with a recruited force of American Negroes, ex-confederate soldiers and Mexican refugees. With the capture of the garrison at Monterrey, his good fortune continued until he had control of all the northern states and an army of 15,000 men. In 1867 Juarez made him commander-in-chief of all the Mexican republican armies, and he rapidly pushed into the interior and broke the French rule with the capture of Emperor Maximilian himself. He then retired, but was called back to put down a revolution of the church party in 1874. He led forces against General Diaz's, q.v., revolution in 1876 and was named secretary of war. When it became apparent that the revolution was a success, he organized a body of troops and made possible the escape of President Lerdo de Tejada and his cabinet to the Pacific coast where the entire party sailed to New York. He again found his way to San Antonio and issued a manifesto against Diaz. Later Diaz allowed him to retire to his estate in San Luis Potosi and eventually he even held a government position under Diaz' government. Escobedo was a member of the Supreme Council of the Scottish Rite of Mexico.

Joseph B. Esenwein (1867-1946) Editor and author. b. May 15, 1867 in Philadelphia, Pa. Editor and manager of Lippincott's Magazine, Philadelphia, 1905-14 and editor of The Writer's Monthly from 1915. He was an instructor in public speaking and a lecturer on educational, ethical and popular topics. Among his many writings are Writing the Short Story; Lessons in the Short Story; Writing the Photoplay; The Art of Story Writing; Writing for Magazines; The Art of Public Speaking (with Dale Carnegie). He also published many songs and hymns. Member of Franklin Lodge No. 134, Philadelphia, receiving degrees on Jan. 31, Feb. 28 and March 30, 1907. He was master of his lodge in 1912. d. Nov. 7, 1946.

Ascension Esquivel President of the Republic of Costa Rica, 1902-06. He was also secretary of state; a diplomat and jurist. Member of Esperanza Lodge No. 2 and Union Fraternal No. 19.

Jesse F. Essary (1881-1942) Journalist. b. Aug. 22, 1881 at Washburn, Tenn. Began on a Virginia paper as a reporter in 1903. In 1908 he became financial editor of the Baltimore Star, and, in the period 1910-12, he was Washington correspondent for the Baltimore News, New Orleans Item and Boston Journal. He served the Baltimore Sun in that capacity from 1912. In 1926 he was London correspondent for the Sun. Mason. d. March 11, 1942.

Count Estaing (see D'Estaing) Joe E. Estes U.S. District Judge at Dallas, Texas since 1955. b. Oct. 24, 1903 at Commerce, Tex. Graduate of U. of Texas and admitted to bar in 1923. Member of John Peavy Lodge No. 1162, Fort Worth, Texas; 32' AASR (SJ) at Dallas and member of Hella Shrine Temple, Dallas.

Alvin C. Eurich University president and vice president and director of the Ford Fund for Advancement of Education since 1951. b. June 14, 1902 at Bay City, Mich. Degrees from North Central Coll., U. of Maine and U. of Minnesota, with honorary degrees from a number of other institutions. He was acting president of Stanford U. in 1948 and first president of State U. of New York, 1949-51. He was raised in Justice Lodge No. 753, New York City.

William Eustis (1753-1825) Governor of Massachusetts 1823-25; Secretary of War, 1807-13; U.S. Congressman from Mass., 1801-05 and 1820-23. b. June 10, 1753 at Cambridge, Mass., he graduated from Harvard in 1772, studied medicine under Dr. Joseph Warren, q.v., and entered the Revolutionary army as a regimental surgeon, serving throughout the war. For some years he was stationed opposite West Point, at the house of Col. Beverly Robinson, where Arnold had his headquarters. He was U.S. minister to Holland from 1814-18. Eustis was raised in St. Andrew's Lodge of Boston on Feb. 6, 1795. d. Feb. 6, 1825.

Edward A. Evans Brigadier General in Officers Reserve Corps and executive director of the Reserve Officers Association of the U.S. b. Sept. 17, 1895 in Muskogee, Okla. He was commissioned in the reserve in 1919 and advanced through grades to brigadier general. He saw active duty in both World Wars. Member of Monrovia Lodge No. 308; Foothill Chapter No. 129, R.A.M.; Foothill Commandery No. 63, K.T., all of Monrovia, Calif. He served as senior warden of his lodge and is past commander of his commandery. Member of Mahi Shrine Temple and Miami Court No. 88, Royal Order of Jesters, both of Miami, Fla.

Henry R. Evans (1861-1949) Author, student of psychical research and Masonic antiquities. b. Nov. 7, 1861 at Baltimore, Md. Graduate of U. of Maryland in 1884. Among his Masonic writings are History of the York and Scottish Rites, and Cagliostro and His Egyptian Rite of Freemasonry. Other writings include: The Napoleon Myth; The Spirit World Unmasked; The Old and the New Magic; The House of the Sphinx; Adventures in Magic; Life and Adventures of Robert Houdin, etc. He was raised May 16, 1894 in Benjamin B. French Lodge No. 15, Washington, D.C., receiving 32° AASR (SJ) in Washington, D.C. in 1902 and 33° on Oct., 1907. d. March 29, 1949.

Sir Horace Evans English doctor who was physician in ordinary to Queen Mary and was in attendance at her death in March, 1953. He enjoyed the personal confidence of the queen. A Freemason, he was consultant physician at the Royal Masonic Hospital.

John Evans (1814-1897) Second Territorial Governor of Colorado in 1862-65. He helped establish the Chicago public school system and was a planner of Northwestern University. Evanston, Ill., where the University is located, is named for him, as is Evans Lodge No. 524, which was established there in 1866, while he was yet alive. b. March 9, 1814 in Waynesville, Ohio, he studied medicine. In 1842 he campaigned for a state mental institution for Indiana and waslater made superintendent of it. He came to Chicago as a lecturer at Rush Medical Coll. President Lincoln named him territorial governor of Colorado in order to save that territory for the Union cause. When he arrived there, he found that many of the Freemasons in Denver Lodge No. 5 were outspoken against the Union, so he and others organized Union Lodge No. 7 in 1863. He was raised July 6, 1844 in Attica Lodge No. 18, Attica, Ind., and was first master of Marion Lodge No. 35 at Indianapolis. He became a Royal Arch Mason in Indianapolis Chapter No. 5 in 1846. He was a charter member of Colorado Commandery No. 1, K.T. in Denver. As president of the Denver Pacific Railway, he drove the last spike to complete its entry into Denver in 1870. He was also an incorporator of the Denver Street Car System. He was buried by Union Lodge No. 7 and Colorado Commandery No. 1, K.T. on July 6, 1897. d. July 3, 1897.

John Gary Evans (1863-1942) Governor of South Carolina, 1894-97. b. Oct. 15, 1863 at Cokesbury, S.C. Admitted to bar in 1886 and served terms in both state legislative bodies. In 1895 he was president of the S.C. constitutional convention. Served in Spanish-American War as a major and assisted in organizing the civil government of Havana after the war. Member of Spartan Lodge No. 70, Spartanburg, S.C. d. June 27, 1942.

John W. Evans (1855-1943) Artist, engraver, philosopher and idealist. b. March 27, 1855 at Brooklyn, N.Y. He exhibited at the Chicago Exposition of 1893, Paris Exposition of 1900, and also in London, Berlin, Vienna, Munich and New York. He won the bronze medal at the Buffalo Exposition in 1901, St. Louis Exposition in 1915, and silver medal at Panama Exposition of 1915. He was a member of Commonwealth Lodge No. 409, New York City and master of same in 1886. d. March 10, 1943.

Lewis A. Evans President and General Manager of The Belt Railway Co. of Chicago since 1953. b. June 22, 1907 at Brownsville, Pa., he graduated from Carnegie Inst. of Tech. in 1928 and began his railroad career as engineer assistant with the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1928. He became superintendent of the Indianapolis division in 1948 and resigned in 1951 to become vice president and general manager of the C. & W.I. as well as the Belt in Chicago. Mason.

Ray 0. Evans (1887-1954) Cartoonist. b. Dec. 1, 1887 at Columbus, Ohio. Graduate of Ohio State U. in 1910, began as an advertising artist for the Columbus Dispatch in 1910. He later was a cartoonist for the Dayton News, Baltimore American, and member of Puck art staff. He returned to the Columbus Dispatch in 1922 and has remained there since. He has created several special features including Maryland Movies; Snapshots at Annapolis; Pertinent Portraits; Kindly Karicatures and Uncle Funny Bunny for children. Member of Humboldt Lodge No. 476, Columbus, Ohio, receiving degrees on Jan. 10, Feb. 9, and Mar. 1, 1948; 32° AASR (NJ) in Columbus and member of Aladdin Shrine Temple, Columbus. d. Jan. 18, 1954.

Hal G. Evarts (1887-1934) Author. b. Aug. 24, 1887 at Topeka, Kans. In his early life he was a surveyor in the Indian Territory, rancher, trapper and guide. Among his writings are Passing of the Old West; The Yellow Horde; The Settling of the Sage; Fur Sign; Tumbleweed; Spanish Acres; The Painted Stallion; The Moccasin Telegraph; Fur Brigade; Tomahawk Rights; The Shaggy Legion and Short-grass. Mason. d. Oct. 18, 1934.

Sir Richard Everard (?-1733) Last proprietary governor of North Carolina (1725-1729) and first governor under the Crown (1728-1731). He took the place of George Burrington, q.v. in July, 1725 and was succeeded by him on Feb. 25, 1731. His administration was disturbed by frequent disagreements with the council. He is recorded as a member of the Ross Tavern Without Temple Bar, London, England in the returns of 1730. This lodge was founded in 1730, and erased in 1736. d. Feb. 17, 1733 in London.

David C. Everest (1883-1955) President and General Manager of the Marathon Corp. b. Oct. 13, 1883 in Pine Grove, Mich. He began as office boy for Bryant Paper Co. in Kalamazoo, Mich. and has been with the Marathon Corp. paper and food package manufacturers at Rothschild, Wis. since 1909, and president of same since 1939. He is also president of the Wausau Paper Mills Co. and vice president of Masonite Corp. and Longview Fibre Co. Received his degrees in Forest Lodge No. 130, Wausau, Wis. March, 1906, Nov., 1912 and Jan., 1913. Member of Wausau Chapter No. 51, R.A.M. (1914); Wausau Council No. 22, R. & S.M. (1918) and St. Omer Commandery No. 19, K.T. (1914) all of Wausau; 32° AASR (NJ), Tripoli Shrine Temple, Royal Order of Jesters. d. Oct. 28, 1955.

Frank F. Everest Major General, U.S. Air Force. b. Nov. 13, 1904 at Council Bluffs, Ia. Graduate of U.S. Military Academy in 1928 and Air Corps Technical School in 1933. He transferred to the Air Corps in 1928, having previously held a commission in the Field Artillery. In WWII he was commanding officer of the 11th Heavy Bomb Group and Army air commander of the South Pacific from 1942-43. In 1944-45 he was a member of the joint war plans commission of Joint Chiefs of Staff and later commanded the Yukon Sector of Alaska Air Command. In 1948 he was assigned to headquarters of the Air Force as assistant deputy chief of staff. Member of Bluff City Lodge No. 71, Council Bluffs, Iowa, receiving degrees on Nov. 16, Dec. 26 and Dec. 29, 1928.

Edward Everett (1794-1865) Anti-Mason; Governor of Massachusetts, 1836-40; U.S. Congressman, 1825-35; U.S. Minister to Great Britain, 184145; President of Harvard, 1846-49; U.S. Secretary of State, 1852. b. April 11, 1794 in Dorchester, Mass. He was a Unitarian clergyman and orator of great ability. He took sides in the politics maintained by the friends of John Quincy Adams, q.v., another anti-Mason. In 1860 he ran on the Constitutional-Union ticket for vice-president with John Bell, q.v., a Tennessee Mason, as the presidential candidate. They received 39 electoral votes. In his famous orations on Washington, q.v., and General Warren, q.v., he failed to mention either of their Masonic connections. He wrote a letter to the secretary of the Anti-Masonic Committee of Middlesex Co., Mass. on June 29, 1833, stating among other things "The supremacy of the laws is the fundamental principle of civil society. The allegiance due to the country is the highest human obligation of all men who enter into civil society; and I conceive the institution of Freemasonry to be at war with both these principles." d. Jan. 15, 1865.

Sir Raymond Evershed English Baron and Lord Justice of Appeal. Knighted in 1944 and baroneted in 1955. He was appointed lord justice in 1947, and two years later made master of the rolls. b. Aug. 1889 at Burton-on-Trent, he was educated in Clifton Coll., Bristol, afterwards attending Oxford. Served as an officer of the Royal Engineers in WWI. He was initiated in Chancery Bar Lodge No. 2456 in April, 1947 by Edward, Prince of Wales, afterwards King Edward VII, q.v. He is a past grand warden of the Grand Lodge of England.

William G. Everson (1879-1954) Baptist clergyman and Major General of National Guard. b. July 1, 1879 in Wooster, Ohio, he was ordained in the Baptist ministry in 1901 and served churches in Ind., Mass., Ky., Ohio, Colo., and Oregon. He was president of Linfield Coll., McMinnville, Oreg. from 1939-43. From 1919 he was a chautauqua and lyceum lecturer. He served in the Spanish-American War and in WWI in France, Italy, Austria, Dalmatia, Serbia and Montenegro, commanding the only American sector in Italy and all the U.S. troops east of Adriatic Sea. He represented the U.S. at Fiume and supervised investigations of food distribution in Austria and Serbia after armistice. He was discharged in 1919 with rank of colonel. In 1922 he was promoted to brigadier general in the reserves and commanded the 76th Inf. Brigade. In 1929 he was made major general, U.S. Army and chief of the National Guard Bureau until 1931; retired in 1945 with rank of major general. A member of Willamette Lodge No. 2, Portland, Oreg., he affiliated with it on Jan. 3, 1944 from Delaware Lodge No. 46 of Muncie, Ind. Was 32° AASR, Knight Templar, Shriner and member of Red Cross of Constantine. He was chairman of the advisory committee of the Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children at Portland, Oreg. from 1944-47. d. Sept. 3, 1954.

Frank L. Eversull Educator. b. April 19, 1892 at Cincinnati, Ohio. A.M. and Ph.B. from U. of Chicago; Ph.D. from Yale; D.D. from Marietta Coll. He was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1917, serving several pastorates in Illinois. He was school principal in St. Louis and East St. Louis, and then an instructor in education at Yale. From 1934-38 he was president of Huron Coll. (S. Dak.), and president of the North Dakota Agricultural Coll., 1938-46. In 1946-47 he was associated with higher education in Korea as advisor to Ewah College, Seoul, and member of the board of regents of Seoul National U. Since 1950 he has been a professor at Washington U., St. Louis, and pastor of the Belleville (Ill.) Presbyterian church. He is founder of the Korean Association for Advancement of Science and Korean Academy of Science. In 1946 he was selected as the distinguished graduate of the U. of Chicago and has been an elector of New York U. Hall of Fame since 1938. He has been decorated by King Christian of Denmark with the Medal of Liberation (1946). Made a Mason in Belleville Lodge No. 24 in 1918. Also member of Belleville Chapter No. 106, R.A.M. and Tancred Commandery No. 50, K.T. all of Belleville, Ill.; AASR (NJ) membership at East St. Louis and is 33°. He is past sovereign of the Red Cross of Constantine at St. Louis. In 1937 he was grand orator of the Grand Lodge of South Dakota. Member of Ainad Shrine Temple, East St. Louis, Ill.

Harry K. Eversull (1893-1953) Clergyman and educator. b. Sept. 20, 1893 at Cincinnati, Ohio, a brother of Frank L. Eversull, q.v. He was a graduate of Wabash Coll. and Yale and was ordained to the Congregational ministry in 1922, serving pastorates in East Haven, Conn., and Cincinnati, Ohio until 1937 when he became president of Marietta Coll., serving until 1942. In 1946 he became a Presbyterian and was pastor at Walnut Hills Presbyterian Church (Cincinnati) from 1946. He received his degrees in Gothic Lodge No. 582, East St. Louis, Ill. on Jan. 15, Feb. 9 and Feb. 20, 1915 and affiliated with Hyde Park Lodge No. 589, Cincinnati, Ohio on June 3, 1930. He was master of Hyde Park Lodge in 1951. Harry K. Eversull Lodge No. 573, Cincinnati, has been named for him. He served asgrand chaplain for both the Grand Lodge of Ohio and Grand Council, R. & S.M. of Ohio; was 33° AASR (NJ) and wrote the 17th degree of that Rite (NJ) as now used. He was also a member of chapter, council, commandery, shrine and jesters. d. Sept. 13, 1953.

Joseph L. Evins U.S. Congressman, 80th to 84th Congresses (194755) from 4th and 5th Tenn. districts. b. Oct. 24, 1910 in DeKalb Co. Tenn. Graduate of Vanderbilt U. and Cumberland U. and admitted to bar in 1934, engaging in general law practice at Smithville, Tenn. Assistant secretary of Federal Trade Commission 1938-40. Served in WWII, European Theatre from 1943-45 and discharged as a major in 1946. Member of Liberty Lodge No. 77, Smithville, Tenn. and 32° AASR (NJ) in Chicago.

Ezra P. Ewers (1837-1912) Brigadier General, U.S. Army. b. April 13, 1837 in Wayneport, N.Y. Entered the army as a private of Co. E, 1st Battalion, 19th Infantry in 1862 and commissioned the following year. Later served with 37th Infantry and 5th and 9th Infantry divisions, becoming brigadier general of volunteers in 1898. He retired from the volunteers in 1899 and became a colonel with the 10th Infantry (regulars). Was retired by operation of law in 1904 as a brigadier general. Member of Sackets Harbor Lodge No. 135, Sackets Harbor, N.Y. d. Jan. 16, 1912.

Arnold H. Exo Christian Science Church official. b. in Muscatine, Iowa. He was a district advertising manager for Household Finance Corp. from 1931-41, and in 1942 became a Christian Science practitioner and later a reader. He has been 1st reader of the First Church of Christ Scientist in Boston since 1956. Mason.

Eberhard Faber (1859-1946) Head of the Eberhard Faber Pencil Co. at Brooklyn, N.Y. and Eberhard Faber Rubber Co. at Newark, N.J. b. March 14, 1859 in New York City, he was educated in the Columbia School of Mines. In 1879 he entered the office of his father, the well-known lead-pencil manufacturer, and took charge of the business. He was a life member of Chancellor Walworth Lodge No. 271, New York City. d. May 16, 1946.

Bernard R. Fabre-Palaprat ( ?- 1838) The restorer, or organizer, of the Order of the Temple at Paris, of which he was elected grand master in 1804. He died at Pau, in the lower Pyrenees, Feb. 18, 1838.

James G. Fair (1831-?) Wealthy gold and silver miner of Comstock bonanza fame and U.S. Senator from Nevada from 1881-87. b. Dec. 3, 1831 near Belfast, Ireland, coming to the U.S. with his parents in 1843. The family settled in Illinois where he attended public schools and completed his education in Chicago, where he gave much attention to scientific studies. He went to Calif. in 1849, and engaged in mining until he moved to Nevada and amassed a fortune of 50 million dollars. He was successful in the construction of quartz mills, water works, and chlorinizing furnaces. In 1865 he became superintendent of the Ophir mine, and in 1867 of the Hale and Norcross mine. In the latter year he formed a partnership with John W. Mackay, James C. Flood and Wm. T. O'Brien and purchased control of several well-known mines. He was raised in Bear Mountain Lodge No. 76 at Angels Camp, Calif. in 1858,serving as secretary in 1861 and treasurer in 1862-64.

Alfred Fairbank (1887-1945) President of Central States Life Insurance Co., St. Louis, from 1938. b. Aug. 3, 1887 at DeSoto, Mo. Taught school in Cleveland and St. Louis from 1905-11. Admitted to Missouri bar in 1909. He entered investment banking in 1920 and was vice president and trust officer of Boatmen's National Bank in St. Louis from 1930-38. Member of Tuscan Lodge No. 360, St. Louis, Mo., receiving degrees on March 3, March 17 and May 15, 1914. d. March 6, 1945.

Charles W. Fairbanks (1852-1918) Twenty-sixth Vice President of the United States. b. May 11, 1852 on a farm near Unionville Center, Ohio. Received A.B. and A.M. from Ohio Wesleyan U. He was agent for the Associated Press at Pittsburgh and Cleveland from 1872-74. He was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1874, and established practice at Indianapolis, Ind. Prominent in Republican politics, he was chairman of the Indiana Republican conventions of 1892, 1898, 1914 and delegate to national conventions of 1896, 1900, 1904, 1912. He was U.S. senator from Indiana for term 1897-1903, but resigned in 1905 to become vice president under Theodore Roosevelt for term, 1905-09. He was again selected as vice presidential nominee with Charles E. Hughes by the national convention of 1916 and defeated by a narrow margin. Was made a Mason "at sight" in Oriental Lodge No. 500, Indianapolis, Ind. on Dec. 27, 1904. He became a Royal Arch Mason in Keystone Chapter No. 6 at Indianapolis on March 20, 1905 and

32 Guy L. Fake was knighted in Raper Commandery No. 1, K.T. at Indianapolis on June 26, 1905. He received his 32° AASR (NJ) in Indiana Consistory at Indianapolis on Nov. 8, 1905 and became a member of Murat Shrine Temple, Indianapolis on April 12, 1907, being a life member of the same. On June 7, 1905 he was the orator of the day at the laying of the cornerstone of the Federal building at Flint, Mich. On Oct. 29, 1906 he was elected an honorary member of American Union Lodge No. 1 at Marietta, Ohio. During his life, he is recorded as a visitor of lodges from coast to coast. At one time he said: "I am a firm believer in the virtue of Masonry. The foundation principles of the organization are everlastingly sound." d. June 4, 1918.

Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. (1883-1939) Movie star of the silent film era. b. May 23, 1883 in Denver, Colo. He attended Jarvis Military Academy at Denver, East Denver High School and the Colorado School of Mines. He had three marriages. He made his first stage appearance in New York City in 1901. On the stage he appeared in Hawthorne of the U.S.A.; Frenzied Finance; All for a Girl; A Gentleman from Mississippi; The Cub; Gentleman of Leisure; Comes Up Smiling; Henrietta; Show Shop. He entered motion pictures and was head of his own producing company in 1916. His later productions were His Majesty the American; When the Clouds Roll By; The Mollycoddle; The Mark of Zorro; The Nut; The Three Musketeers; Robin Hood; The Thief of Bagdad; Don Q, Son of Zorro; The Black Pirate; The Gaucho; The Iron Mask; and The Taming of the Shrew. He was raised in Beverly Hills Lodge No. 528 on Aug. 11, 1925 and was a member of the "233 Club"—whose members were Freemasons of the movie colony. d. Dec. 11, 1939.

Dec. 27, 1831, in Kent, Ohio. His family moved to Wisconsin in 1846 when it was still a territory. When gold was discovered in Calif., he left for that state, although only 18 years old. After several years of fruitless labor, he returned to Wis. in 1885. He entered the Union service early in the Civil War, and distinguished himself at Bull Run, Antietam, Gettysburg, losing his left arm in the latter battle at Seminary Hill. While recovering from his wounds he was commissioned brigadier general. In 1863 he was elected secretary of state in Wisconsin, serving until 1865 when he was elected for the first of his six consecutive terms as governor. He was consul general in Paris in 1878-80 and U.S. minister to Spain, 1880-82. In 1886 he was elected national commanderin-chief of the G.A.R. A member of Hiram Lodge No. 50, Madison, Wis., he received his degrees on March 19, April 16 and May 21, 1860. He was exalted in Madison Chapter No. 4, R.A.M., Madison, Wis. in Dec. 1863 and was knighted in Robert Macoy Commandery No. 3, K.T. at Madison on July 19, 1864. He also received 95 degrees in the "Egyptian Masonic Rite of Memphis." d. May 21, 1896.

Louis W. Fairfield (1858-1930) U.S. Congressman, 65th to 68th Congresses (1917-25) from 12th Ind. dist. b. Oct. 15, 1858 near Wapakoneta, Ohio. A teacher, he was professor of physics and philosophy at Tri-State College from 1885-1917. Member of Angola Lodge No. 236, Angola, Ind. receiving degrees on June 23, June 30 and July 21, 1913. d. Feb. 20, 1930.

Guy L. Fake (1879-1957) Judge of U.S. District Court of New Jersey since 1929 and chief Federal judge since 1948. Retired in 1951, but assigned to continue in service. b. Nov. 15, 1879 at Cobleskill, N.Y. Admitted to N.J. bar in 1903 and practiced at Rutherford. He had served as a member of the state general assembly and

33 Juan C. Falcon district judge. Served in the Spanish-American War. Raised in Boiling Spring Lodge No. 152, Rutherford, N.J. on Nov. 26, 1907. d. Sept. 23, 1957.

Juan C. Falcon (1820-1870) President of Venezuela from June 15, 1863 to 1868. His regime was overthrown by revolution in the latter year. b. in Paraguana. He was a political leader and Venezuelan general. Falcon was the 7th sovereign grand commander of the Supreme Council, 33°, AASR in 1864-65. During his administration as president of Venezuela, he frequently delegated his charge, and among those Masons who served as president by his delegation were General Antonio Guzman Blanco, 33° (who was later to be elected to three terms himself); General Jose Desiderio Trias, 18°; Rafael Arvelo, 18°; General Miguel Gil, 30°; and General Manuel E. Bruzual, 33°.

James W. Fannin (1800-1836) Texas patriot and pioneer. b. in North Carolina about 1800, he was executed by the Mexican general, Santa Anna, q.v., with 357 others on March 27, 1836. Fannin was a captain in the Texas service in 1835. On Oct. 28th of that year, with Capt. Bowie and 90 men, he defeated a superior Mexican force near Bexar. General Houston, q.v., soon afterward made him a colonel and inspector-general. In January of 1836 he set out to reinforce Dr. James Grant who was in command of an unauthorized expedition to Matamoras. When he learned that Grant's force had been destroyed, he fell back to Goliad, but by Houston's order, he marched toward Victoria, and on March 19 was attacked on the Coleta River by a Mexican force under General Urrea. When the Mexicans were reinforced by 500 men on the 20th, the American force capitulated and it was agreed that the Texans should be treated as prisoners of war and sent back to the U.S. as soon as possible. After surrendering their arms, theywere taken to Toliad, where, on the 26th, a dispatch was received from Santa Anna ordering their execution. At daybreak the next morning all of the 357 prisoners but four physicians and their helpers were marched out under various pretexts "and shot in groups. Fannin was last to be killed. When Holland Lodge No. 36 of La. (later No. 1 of Texas) was organized at Brazoria, Texas, Fannin was present and acted as senior deacon, but it does not appear he became a member of that lodge. He is believed to have been a Mason before he left Georgia.

John C. Fant (1870-1929) President of Mississippi State College, 192029. b. Jan. 15, 1870 near Macon, Miss. Was superintendent of schools at Water Valley and Meridian, Miss., from 1895-1910 and then professor of secondary education for the state until 1920. Received his degrees in Meridian Lodge No. 308, Meridian, Miss. on Aug. 7, 1903, June 3 and June 10, 1904. Dimitted, March 1, 1927. d. Nov. 8, 1929.

Charles B. Faris (1864-1938) Judge Supreme Court of Missouri and Federal Judge, Eastern District of Missouri. b. Oct. 3, 1864 near Charleston, Mo. Graduate of U. of Missouri and admitted to bar in 1891. Practiced in Caruthersville, serving as city and prosecuting attorney. Served in lower house, judge of 28th judicial circuit and judge of the supreme court for term 1912-22, resigning in 1919 to become judge of the Eastern district. He was a member of the board of curators of the U. of Missouri and member of control board of Cottey Coll. for women at Nevada, Mo. Member of Caruthersville Lodge No. 461, Caruthersville, Mo., receiving degrees on Sept. 4, Dec. 18, 1900 and Jan. 21, 1901. Suspended, NPD, June 7, 1927. d. Dec. 18, 1938.

34 David G. Farragut gresses (1933-39) from 4th Ind. dist. b. Feb. 24, 1871 at Hamilton, Ind. Began as a teacher in public schools in 1889, and then as a salesman for Studebaker Corp. in 1906. In 1908 he joined the Auburn Automobile Co. as a salesman, rising to presidency and retiring in 1926. He affiliated with De-Kalb Lodge No. 214, Auburn, Ind. on Dec. 3, 1907 from Spartan Lodge No. 226 at Millersburg, Ohio. d. June 16, 1948.

James T. Farley (1829-?) U.S. Senator from California 1879-1885. b. Aug. 6, 1829 in Virginia. He moved first to Missouri and then to California where he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1854. He served two terms in the state assembly and eight years in the state senate. He was recognized as the leader of the Democratic party in California for many years. He was a member of Volcano Lodge No. 56, Volcano and Amador Lodge No. 65 at Jackson as well as Sutter Chapter No. 11, R.A.M. at Sutter Creek, Calif.

Theodore Farley Vice president of Caterpillar Tractor Co. since 1940. b. Nov. 22, 1894 at Ipswich, Mass. He was with the Holt Mfg. Co. of Peoria, Ill. from 1919-25 as export manager. When the company merged with the C. L. Best Tractor Co. in 1925 to form the Caterpillar Co., he became assistant export manager, rising to assistant to president in 1935. Served in WWI as a captain. Mason, Shriner and Jester.

Lord Farnham ( ?-1957) Irish Peer. In 1908 he was elected to a seat in the house of lords as an Irish representative peer. He served in the South African War in 1901-02 with the 10th Hussars and was mentioned in dispatches. He joined the newly raised North Irish Horse and went to France in WWI in command of a battalion of the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers in the Ulster division. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. In the spring of 1918 he was taken prisoner, but escaped and made his way through Germany to Holland. He was a member of the General Synod of the Church of Ireland and a member of the representative church body. He was president of the Hibernian Church missionary society and the Adelaide hospital. He was initiated in Lodge No. 90 at Cavan in 1901, and served as master in 1910. He was also a member of Meridian Lodge No. 12 of Dublin from 1903, and served as master in 1911. From 1928 until his death on Feb. 5, 1957, he was provincial grand master of the province of Meath and was senior grand warden of the grand lodge of Ireland at the time of his death.

David G. Farragut (1801-1870) First Admiral of the U.S. Navy. b. July 5, 1801 at Campbell's Station, near Knoxville, Tenn., son of George Farragut, naval and army officer of the American Revolution. He was adopted in 1808 by Commander Porter who educated him at Washington, D.C. and Chester, Pa. He was a midshipman at 91/2 years of age and was placed in command of a prize ship when only 12. He was on routine naval duty from 1810-47 and commanded the ship Saratoga during the Mexican War. He was on duty on the ship that carried Ambassador Joel Poinsett, q.v., to Mexico, and also in the convoy that escorted Lafayette, q.v., back to France in 1825. He was detailed to establish the Mare Island Naval Base in San Francisco Bay. He was the outstanding naval officer of the Civil War. He was in command of the West Gulf blockading squadron with orders to take New Orleans, which he did in 1862 without bloodshed, bombarding Fort Jackson and running his ships past Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip. In 1863 he ran his flagship, Hartford, and one other vessel past Port Hudson and thereby controlled the Mississippi between Port Hudson and

Bernard G. Farrar Vicksburg. Back into the Gulf, he silenced Fort Morgan, ran a blockade of mines, dispersed the Confederate fleet and captured Forts Morgan and Gaines. In Dec., 1864, Congress created the rank of vice admiral for him and in 1866 created the rank of admiral. He is a member of the American Hall of Fame. His lodge is not known, but he is thought to have been made a Mason on the island of Malta in 1818, when he was 17 years of age, serving in the Mediterranean under Bainbridge. He died Aug. 14, 1870, and was buried with Masonic honors by the grand master of New Hampshire and St. Johns Lodge No. 1 of Portsmouth. Admiral George W. Baird, q.v., wrote the following of him: "While Farragut's Masonic connection is beyond doubt, the writer has been unable to identify his lodge. Naval Lodge No. 87 was instituted at Vallejo, opposite the Navy Yard at Mare Island, and there are members of that lodge still living (1920) who greeted the admiral when he visited there. Surgeon General John Mills Brown, q.v., of the Navy, who was grand master of California as well as master of Naval Lodge and also an active 33rd, was intimate with the admiral in California and remembered him as a Mason and a promotor of Masonry. He did not, however, remember the name of his lodge." Admiral Baird wrote another interesting incident in connection with Farragut: "After the unveiling of the statue (of Farragut in Washington, D.C., Bartholomew Dig-gins, a member of Brightwood Lodge No. 24 in the District of Columbia, who had been in Farragut's gig crew all during the war, asked for his old flag and offered a new one for it. The secretary of the Navy granted his request. Many years afterwards, when Dewey returned from the Philippines, Diggins asked the writer, who was about to go to New York to make arrangements for Dewey's reception, to present the flag to Dewey. The flag was duly presented and it was the only admiral's pennant ever flown by Farragut or Dewey.”

Bernard G. Farrar (1785-1849) Pioneer Missouri physician. b. July 4, 1785, he was the first physician of the St. Louis area. He arrived in St. Louis in 1807. Originally a Virginian, he came from the same county as did Edward and Frederick Bates, q.v., settling first in Kentucky, near Frankfort, where he practiced medicine for a time. A brother-in-law, Judge Coburn, having received the appointment as judge of the Louisiana Territory, he was encouraged to move farther west. In St. Louis, he formed a partnership with Dr. David V. Walker. In 1815 he was one of a group who started the newspaper Western Journal in St. Louis. Farrar fought the first duel recorded west of the Mississippi in 1810. It was with James A. Graham. Farrar was hardly to be blamed for his participation, for at first, he was merely the bearer of the challenge to Graham. Graham declined to accept the challenge, giving as his plea that the challenger "was not a gentleman." Under the code that prevailed, Farrar became the principal. It was fought on Bloody Island, scene of many later encounters and Graham received severe wounds from which he never recovered, dying on his way East about a year later. Farrar was also the surgeon in the Benton-Lucas duel.

Frank G. Farrington (1872-1933) Justice, Supreme Court of Maine, 1929-33. b. Sept. 11, 1872 at Augusta, Me. Admitted to bar in 1902 and practiced at Augusta. Served in both branches of Maine legislature. Raised March 31, 1903 in Augusta Lodge No. 141, and exalted Feb. 24, 1921 in Cushnoc Chapter No. 43, both of Augusta, Maine. d. Sept. 3, 1933.

Wallace R. Farrington (1871-1933) Governor of Hawaii, 1921-29. b. May 3, 1871 at Orono, Me. Graduate of U.

of Maine in 1891, he began newspaper work that year with the Bangor Daily News. Worked on newspapers in Kennebec, Augusta, and was managing editor and one of the founders of the Rockland Daily Star—all of Maine. Moving to Hawaii in 1894, he became editor of the Pacific Commercial Advertiser and president of the Hawaiian Gazette Co. in Honolulu. He later became president of the Honolulu Star Bulletin. Active in many activities of the territory, particularly in the educational field, and a regent of the College of Hawaii. Mason and past master of Lodge Progress d L'Oceania No. 37. Member of AASR in Hawaii. d. Oct. 6, 1933.

Charles B. Farwell (1823-1903) U.S. Senator from Illinois 1887-91. b. July 1, 1823 at Painted Post, N.Y. In 1838 he removed to Ogle Co., Ill. and worked at farming and on government surveys until 1844 when he went to Chicago on a load of wheat with ten dollars in his pocket. Worked first as a bank teller and later county clerk of Cook Co. Formed the firm of John V. Farwell with his brother in 1891 and became president of the same. He and his brother built the Texas state capitol in 1887 and received in turn three million acres of land for it on which they stocked 150,000 head of cattle. Was a member of U.S. congress from 1871-76. Listed in Who Was Who as a Mason, but grand lodge records of Illinois do not show membership. d. 1903.

Orval E. Faubus Governor of Arkansas from 1955. b. Jan. 7, 1910 at Combs, Ark., he was educated in the public schools of that state. His first ten years (1928-38) were spent as a rural school teacher; iri 1939 he became circuit clerk and county recorder at Huntsville. In 1946-47 he was acting postmaster of Huntsville, and from 1953-54, postmaster. He is the editor, owner and publisher of Madison County Record at Huntsville since 1947. From 1949-53 he held the positions of highway commissioner, administrative assistant to the governor and directory of highways for Arkansas. He served as rural scout commissioner for Northwest Ark. for 14 years and was an Infantry major in WWII. In September, 1957 he became the most controversial figure in the United States when he refused to allow integration of white and Negro students in the Little Rock high schools. Integration was later enforced by Federal troops and the episode rocked the Southern states and focused the international spotlight on Faubus. He is a member of Huntsville Lodge No. 367, Huntsville, Ark., receiving his degrees on April 8, May 27 and June 24, 1947. Received the 32° AASR (SJ) on Oct. 28, 1953 at Fort Smith, Ark.; belongs to Sahara Shrine Temple at Pine Bluff and the Grotto at Fort Smith, and is a member of the Northwest Arkansas Scottish Rite Club.

Charles J. Faulkner, Jr. (1847-1929) U.S. Senator from West Virginia, 1887-99. b. Sept. 21, 1847 in Martinsburg, W. Va. He received an early education in France and Switzerland and entered Virginia Military Inst. in 1862. He served with the cadets of the school at the battle of New Market and afterwards as aide to generals Breckenridge and Wise in the C.S.A. Graduated from U. of Virginia in 1868 and admitted to bar same year. He served seven years as a circuit judge and was a member of the British-American Joint High Commission in 1898. He was the 8th grand master of the Grand Lodge of West Virginia, serving in 1880. He was a member of Equality Lodge No. 136 (Va. charter), now No. 44 of West Virginia charter, receiving the degrees on Dec. 12, Dec. 26, 1868 and Jan. 9, 1869. He served as master of the same from 1876 to 1878. At the time of his death on Jan.

Charles J. Faulkner, Sr. (1806-1884) U.S. Minister to France in period preceding the Civil War. b. in 1806, Martinsburg, Va., he graduated at Georgetown U. and was admitted to the bar in 1829. As a member of the Virginia lower house, he introduced a bill for the gradual abolition of slavery in Virginia. He was elected to the U.S. congress four successive terms from 1851-59, accepting the ministry to France in the latter year. While in France, he encouraged Louis Napoleon to sympathize with the southern cause, and as a result was recalled by Lincoln, arrested and confined in Fort Warren as a disloyal citizen, but released on a prisoner exchange. He was disbarred from citizenship until 1872. He served another term in the U.S. congress from 1875-77. A Mason, he delivered a Masonic address on Nov. 13, 1852 at Martinsburg. His son, Charles J. Jr., q.v. became U.S. senator and grand master of the Grand Lodge of West Virginia. He received his degrees in old Equality Lodge No. 136 (Va. charter) in 1867 and affiliated with the same lodge under West Va. charter in 1879. The lodge was then Equality No. 44. His son was a member of the same lodge. d. Nov. 1, 1884.

Edwin J. Faulkner President and director of Woodmen Accident & Life Co. and Woodmen Central Life Ins. Co. since 1954. b. July 5, 1911 at Lincoln, Nebr. Graduate of U. of Nebraska and Pennsylvania. He became treasurer of the Woodmen Central Assurance Co. in 1932, and vice president of the Woodmen Central Life Ins. Co. in 1938. Member of Lancaster Lodge No. 54, Lincoln, Nebr., receiving all three degrees in 1940.

Roy H. Faulkner Automobile executive. b. Feb. 11, 1886 at Allegheny, Pa. Automobile salesman from1916 until he became sales manager of Oakland-Pittsburgh Co., and later general manager of Nash-Cincinnati Motor Co. He joined Auburn Automobile Co. as sales manager in 1922, advancing to vice president in 1931, resigning that year to become vice president of Studebaker Sales Corp. and Pierce-Arrow Motor Co. He returned to Auburn Co. as president in 1934. He is now owner of Roy H. Faulkner & Associates in Auburn, Ind. Mason.

Francois Felix Faure (1841-1899) Sixth President of the Republic of France. He was a cabinet officer in the department of commerce and colonies in the 1880's, and later minister of marine under President CasimirPerier whom he succeeded as president in 1895, serving until his death in 1899. The bulletin of the International Masonic Congress of 1917 states that he was a Freemason.

George D. Fawcett (1861-1939) Actor. b. Aug. 25, 1861 in Virginia. He attended the U. of Virginia for four years and made his debut in the Manhattan Theatre in New York City in 1886. He supported Tomasso Salvini in 1890, and Alexander Salvini in 1894. In 1895-96 he was in repertoire with Nat Goodwin and with Maude Adams from 1897-99. He appeared in many productions of his own company, the Fawcett Stock Co., and in 1917 played the title role in Great John Ganton at Aldwych Theater in London. Later he was in vaudeville and motion pictures. He was a member of Pacific Lodge No. 233, New York City and of the "233 Club" in Hollywood. d. June 6, 1939.

Novice G. Fawcett President of Ohio State University. b. March 29, 1909 at Gambier, Ohio. Graduate of Ohio State in 1937. Taught and was superintendent of schools in Gambier, Defiance, Bexley, Akron and Columbus. He was named president of Ohio RR Robert Fechner State in 1956, assuming his duties on Aug. 1. He is a member of Ohio Lodge No. 199 at Bladensburg, Ohio, and received the Scottish Rite degrees in November, 1955 in the Valley of Columbus.

Bernard Fay Author, professor and anti-Mason. b. in 1893, this French historian specialized in books on American history. His writings included: Revolutionary Spirit in France and America (1927) ; Franklin, the Apostle of Modern Times (1929); George Washington, Republican Aristocrat (1931) and Revolution and Freemasonry, 1680-1800 (1935). The latter book, published by Little Brown was definitely unfriendly to Freemasonry though purporting to be "factual" and "objective." The Masonic world, therefore, could not be expected to grieve when the following was published in the New York Times on Dec. 5, 1946: "Bernard Fay, former professor of American civilization at the College de France and writer on Franco-American relations, was sentenced to life imprisonment at hard labor today after his conviction on a charge of intelligence with the enemy. M. Fay has been charged with publishing documents and lists of the Freemasons for the Vichy (Nazi dominated) government. This had resulted, according to the prosecution, in deportation or death for thousands of them.”

Jonas Fay (1737-1818) American patriot, who with two other members of Vermont Lodge No. 18 (Ira Allen, q.v., and Thomas Chittenden, q.v.) led the fight that established Vermont as the 14th state. b. Jan. 17, 1737 in Hardwick, Mass. He received a good education and became a physician. He moved to Bennington, Vt. in 1766 and became prominent among the settlers on the New Hampshire grants, going as their agent to New York with Seth Warner in 1772 to lay their grievancesbefore English Governor Tryon. It was on this trip that Fay and Warner spent some time in Albany where they were made Masons in Masters' Lodge No. 5. He was clerk of the convention of March, 1774, that resolved to defend by force Ethan Allan and the others who were outlawed by the legislature of N.Y. Dr. Fay was surgeon under Allen at Ticonderoga, and, afterward in Col. Warner's regiment. He was a member of the convention of Jan., 1777, which declared Vermont an independent state. For all practical purposes it was an independent republic from this date until 1791 when it was admitted to the Union and Dr. Fay—"learned, sagacious and well versed in political economy"—was mainspring and balance wheel of the movements. He was accredited to the Continental Congress year after year, but was not officially recognized as a delegate. He was secretary to the council of safety, helped draft the first constitution for Vermont and served as a member of the governor's council from 1778-85. He was probate judge at Bennington for five years and judge of the supreme court in 1782. Dr. Fay was admitted to Vermont Lodge at Springfield in 1782 and in 1793 was a charter member of Temple Lodge at Bennington. d. March 6, 1818.

Louis H. Fead (1877-1943) Justice, Supreme Court of Michigan, 1928-37. b. May 2, 1877 at Lexington, Mich. and graduated U. of Michigan in 1900. He practiced law at Newberry and served as prosecuting attorney and circuit judge. Raised in Lexington Lodge No. 61, Lexington, Mich. on July 12, 1902 and affiliated with McMillen Lodge No. 400, Newberry, Mich. on Sept. 2, 1905; was grand master of the Grand Lodge of Michigan in 1917; 33° AASR (NJ). d. Feb. 4, 1943.

39 Ladislav Feierabend Corps in 1933. President F. D. Roosevelt, by executive order, set aside 72,000 acres of public land on Massanutten Mountain in Virginia as the "Robert Fechner Memorial Forest" in his honor. b. March 22, 1876 in Chattanooga, Tenn., he was a machinist, foreman and master mechanic from 1896-1912. He then became executive officer of the International Association of Machinists until 1933 when he became director of the C.C.C. He was a member of Clinton Lodge No. 56, Savannah, Ga. and Mt. Pleasant Chapter No. 13, R.A.M. of Washington, D.C. d. Dec. 31, 1939.

Ladislav Feierabend Czechoslovakian cabinet officer under President Benes, q.v. He was one of the organizers of the Grand Lodge "Comenius" in exile in England. Others who helped form the grand lodge were Dr. Vladimir Klecanda, grand master, q.v.; Dr. P. R. Korbel, grand secretary, q.v.; and Jan Masaryk, q.v., son of the first president of Czechoslovakia.

Lorenza Feliciana Also known as Madam Cagliostro, wife of the Masonic charlatan, Count Alessandro di Cagliostro, q.v. When Cagliostro set up his "Egyptian Rite," his wife became grand mistress of the Lodge of Isis, which, in 1784, counted among its adepts some of the most prominent of the French titled women. It is said that she and her husband assumed the leading roles in the initiation. She delivered an oration advocating the emancipation of woman which was followed by the appearance of her husband as the "Grand Copt" in the nude. He then commanded the initiates to disrobe, for if they were to receive the truth, they must be "naked as truth." It is recorded that when Cagliostro was tried by the Inquisition, she was the chief witness against him.

Grant Fellows (1865-1929) Justice, Supreme Court of Michigan, 1917-29.b. April 13, 1865 in Hudson, Mich. Admitted to bar in 1886 and practiced in Hudson, Mich. He was attorney general of Michigan from 1913-17. Raised in Lebanon Lodge No. 26. d. July 16, 1929.

John Quincy Adams Fellows (18251897) Louisiana Freemason who headed all York Rite bodies of that state. b. April 3, 1825 at Topham, Vt., moving to New Orleans shortly after 1850. He was raised in Rising Sun Lodge No. 7 in Vermont in 1850 and affiliated with Marion Lodge No. 283 in New Orleans. He was elected grand master of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana in 1860 and served during the stormy six years of the Civil War. By his skill and ability, he was able to keep the passions of war outside the doors of the lodges, and the Blue and the Grey met in Louisiana lodges and forgot for the moment that they were sworn enemies. It is said that he facilitated the passage of many Union Masons out of Confederate camps when they revealed to him they were brethren. Exalted in Orleans Chapter No. 1 in 1852 he was grand high priest in 1859. Greeted in Louisiana Council No. 2 R. & S.M. he was grand master in 1868. Knighted in Indivisible Friends Commandery No. 1, he was grand commander in 1865 and grand master of the Grand Encampment, U.S.A. in 1871. He also rose to grand scribe in the General Grand Chapter. He was a 33° AASR (SJ). d. Nov. 28, 1897.

Christian Fenger (1840-1902) Surgeon and pathologist. b. in Copenhagen, Denmark and graduated as a doctor from the U. of Copenhagen in 1867. For the next ten years he served in a Copenhagen hospital; was a surgeon in the International Ambulance Assn. during Franco-German War; lectured at U. of Copenhagen; and went to Egypt where he was appointed medical officer in the Khalifa quarter of Cairo. He came to Chicago

40 Ferdinand VII in 1877 and was chief pathologist of the Cook County Hospital from 187993; professor of surgery at College of Physicians & Surgeons in New York City, 1884, returning to Northwestern U. in 1893 in the same capacity; and with Rush Medical College in 1899. He was raised in a Copenhagen lodge and affiliated with Ashlar Lodge No. 308 of Chicago. d. March 2, 1902.

Hart E. Fenn (1856-1939) U.S. Congressman to 67th to 71st Congresses (1921-31) from first Conn. dist. b. Sept. 12, 1856 in Hartford, Conn. He was city editor of the Hartford Post for many years and served in both legislative bodies of Conn. From 1909-14 he headed the fisheries and game department of Conn. Mason. d. Feb. 23, 1939.

Ivor D. Fenton U.S. Congressman since the 76th Congress (1939) from 12th Pa. dist. b. Aug. 3, 1889 at Mahanoy City, Pa. A physician by profession, he received his M.D. degree from Jefferson Medical Coll. in 1912 and began practice in Mahanoy City in 1914. He served in WWI as a captain in the Medical Corps with the 79th Division, A.E.F. A member of Mahanoy City Lodge No. 357, he received his degrees on March 23, April 27 and May 25, 1914. He was exalted in Mizpah Chapter No. 252, R.A.M. on June 10, 1915 and knighted in Ivanhoe Commandery No. 31, K.T. on March 23, 1916; both being in Mahanoy City. He is a member of the Scottish Rite at Bloomsburg, Rajah Shrine Temple at Reading, and Tall Cedars of Lebanon Forest No. 50 at Pottsville.

Ferdinand (see Duke of Brunswick) Ferdinand IV (1751-1825) Anti-Mason. King of the Two Sicilies. Also known as Ferdinand I, and Ferdinand III. He was the son of Don Carlos of Bourbon (later Charles HI of Spain). He was King of Naples from 1759-1806 and again from 1815-25 as Ferdinand IV. He expelled the Jesuits in 1767, and married Maria Carolina of Austria in 1768. Under her influence, he joined the coalition against France in 1793. At Napoleon's victory he fled to Palermo and then to Sicily, where in 1806 he ruled as Ferdinand III while Naples was ruled by Joseph Bonaparte, q.v., and Murat, q.v. He was restored to Naples in 1815, and made king of the two Sicilies as Ferdinand I. He ruthlessly repressed liberal opinion and his tyranny brought on the revolution of 1820. His last years were an era of cruel vengeance and persecution. On Sept. 12, 1775, he issued an edict forbidding the meeting of Freemasons in lodges in his dominions under the penalty of death. He revoked the edict in 1777 at the solicitation of his queen, Caroline, but in 1781 the decree was renewed.

Ferdinand VI (1713-1759) Anti-Mason. King of Spain, 1746-59. He was the second son of Philip V and Maria Louisa of Savoy. He kept Spain neutral during the first part of the Seven Years' War. He suffered from extreme melancholy which developed into insanity. His government was generally administered by ministers Jose de Carvajal and Ensenada. At the solicitation of Joseph Torrubia, visitor of the Holy Inquisition, he enforced the Bull of Excommunication of Pope Benedict XIV, q.v., and forbade the congregation of Freemasons under the highest penalties of law (1751).

Ferdinand VII (1784-1833) Anti-Mason. King of Spain, 1814-20 and 1823-33. Son of Charles IV, he was proclaimed king after the forced abdication of his father in 1808, but Napoleon captured him on a ruse and held him prisoner until 1814, when he reinstated him. He had no sooner ascended the throne than he reestablished the Inquisition, which had been abolished by his predecessor. He ordered the closing of all lodges under

41 Roger H. Ferger the heaviest penalties. In Sept following, 25 persons, among whom were several distinguished noblemen, were arrested as "suspected of Freemasonry." On March 30, 1818, a still more rigorous edict was issued, by which those convicted of being Freemasons were subjected to severe punishment, exile or death. His rule was cruel and tyrannical and was overthrown in 1820, but the Holy Alliance, using French troops, restored him in 1823. His further reign lost Spain all its colonies in North and South America and relegated the country to a second rate power.

Roger H. Ferger Publisher of Cincinnati Enquirer (Ohio) since 1944. b. Jan. 5, 1894 in Cincinnati. He graduated from U. of Pennsylvania in 1916. Until 1920 he was an advertising agency executive, and in that year became advertising manager for the Enquirer. He returned to the advertising field on the Pacific coast until 1933 when he became business manager of the Milwaukee Sentinel (Wis.), and in 1936, of the Pittsburgh Post Gazette (Pa.). He returned to the Enquirer in 1940 as assistant publisher. Director of several companies and active in city and state service organizations. Member of Hyde Park Lodge No. 584, Cincinnati, since 1922; 32° AASR, (NJ) at Cincinnati, and Syrian Shrine Temple.

Homer Ferguson U.S. Senator from Michigan, 1943-54 and U.S. Ambassador to Philippines since 1955. b. Feb. 25 in Harrison City, Pa. Graduate of U. of Michigan in 1913. He was admitted to the bar in 1913 and practiced until 1929, when he became a circuit judge. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1943, following his investigation of rackets in Detroit in 1939. City and county officials including the mayor, chief of detectives, prosecuting attorney, and sheriff were indicted as a result of his fact-finding. He also served as a professor at the Detroit College of Law. His appointment as ambassador to the Philippines was approved March 11, 1955. He is a member of Golden Rule Lodge No. 159, in Ann Arbor; Palestine Chapter No. 159, R.A.M. and Detroit Cornmandery No. 1, K.T., both of Detroit. He received his 32° AASR (NJ) in Detroit Consistory and 33° in 1952.

Homer L. Ferguson (1873-1953) Shipbuilder and President of Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. (Va.) from 1915-46 and chairman of board, 1940-53. b. March 6, 1873 at Waynesville, N.C. He was with the Newport News company from 1905. Previously he had been in naval construction for private firms and the U.S. Navy from one coast to the other. Mason. d. March 14, 1953.

James E. Ferguson (1871-1944) Governor of Texas 1915-16. b. Aug. 31, 1871 in Bell Co., Texas. He spent two years on Pacific coast and in the Rocky Mountains as a laborer, teamster, miner and became a foreman on bridge-building crews on various Texas railways. He next engaged in farming in Bell Co. and became an extensive landowner. He was admitted to the Texas bar in 1897, and practiced at Belton, and later in Temple. He was a member of Knob Creek Lodge No. 401 at Temple and 32° AASR (SJ). d. Sept. 21, 1944.

Malcolm P. Ferguson President and Director of Bendix Products of Bendix Aviation Corp. since 1946. b. June 20, 1896, at Elmira Heights, N.Y. Graduate of Syracuse U. in 1918. He was with the Eclipse Machine Co. of Elmira, N.Y., before coming to Bendix as assistant general manager in 1936. Mason and Knight Templar.

Sterling P. Fergusson Meteorologist who conducted the first experiment of elevating a recording instrument by kites in 1894. b. Nov. 8, 1868 at Dixon's Springs, Tenn. He has been

42 David L. Ferris with the Blue Hills Observatory (Harvard), U.S. Weather Bureau, and with the Hobbs Greenland expedition in 1926-27, as meteorologist. He has devised many instruments and methods for use in his field. Mason.

Bert M. Fernald (1858-1926) Governor and U.S. Senator from Maine 1916-19. b. April 3, 1858 at West Poland, Maine. He was a packer of canned goods from 1888 and president of the National Canners' Assn. in 1910. He was state senator two terms and governor of Maine from 1909-11. Raised in Tyrian Lodge No. 73 on June 25, 1896 and exalted May 27, 1910 in St. Andrews Chapter No. 51, R.A.M., both of Mechanic Falls, Maine. d. Aug. 23, 1926.

Karl Ludwig Fernow (1763-1808) German writer on art. A painter himself, he was a member of Goethe's circle. b. Nov. 19, 1763 at Pomerania, Germany. He was in Rome from 17951802 lecturing on archaeology. When he returned to Germany he became a professor of Italian literature at Jena. In 1804 he was librarian for the Duchess Amalia at Weimar. He was a member of the lodge Amalia, which honored his memory by a special assembly in 1809. d. Dec. 4, 1808.

Francisco Guardia Ferrer (18591909) Spanish free-thinker, revolutionary, educator and martyr. He was bequeathed a legacy by a Catholic woman for the purpose of founding a school. Upon learning of this, the French ecclesiastical authorities unsuccessfully sought to utilize the legacy for a church school, but Ferrer founded the Escuela Moderna at Barcelona in 1901, where he refused to teach a religious curriculum and spoke against the existing Spanish regime. In 1907 he was acquitted on charges of complicity in an attempt to assassinate the king and queen of Spain the preceding year. He went to England in 1909, but returned whenhe learned of an uprising in Barcelona. He was arrested on charges of aiding the uprising, convicted, and executed on Oct. 13, 1909. His trial caused the downfall of the Maura ministry and created violent antagonism abroad against Spain and Catholicism. Although his lodge is not known, he is referred to by the Bulletin of the International Masonic Congress in 1917 as a Freemason.

Robert, 5th Earl of Ferrers Real name was Robert Shirley. Grand Master of Grand Lodge of England (Moderns), 1762-63. He sheltered the famous Chevalier D'Eon de Beaumont, q.v., at his home, Staunton Harold near Ashby-de-la-Zouch at one time when it appeared that the latter might be kidnapped.

David L. Ferris (1864-1947) Protestant Episcopal Bishop. b. Dec. 31, 1864 at Peekskill, N.Y. A deacon in 1893 and priest in 1894, he served churches in New York, Conn. and Pa. from 1893 until 1920 when he was named bishop suffragan, diocese of Western New York. He was bishop coadjutor in 1924-29 and bishop, 1929-32. From 1932-38 he was bishop of diocese of Rochester, N.Y., and resigned in 1938. Raised May 19, 1908 in Hail-man Lodge No. 321, Pittsburgh, Pa.; grand chaplain of Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania from 1908-12; affiliated with Frank R. Lawrence Lodge No. 979, Rochester, N.Y. on Feb. 10, 1913; was grand chaplain of Grand Lodge of New York from 1916-17, 1920-23; exalted in Pittsburgh Chapter No. 268, R.A.M. on Dec. 20, 1909; greeted in Doric Council No. 19, R. & S.M. in May, 1916; knighted in Monroe Commandery No. 12, K.T. in March, 1914; joined Damascus Shrine Temple in 1912; received 32° AASR (NJ) in Pittsburgh in 1909; affiliated with Rochester (N.Y.) Consistory Feb. 6, 1915; crowned 33° AASR Sept. 18, 1919. d. June 9, 1947.

43 Woodbridge N. Ferris Woodbridge N. Ferris (1853-1928) Governor and U.S. Senator from Michigan. b. Jan. 6, 1853 at Spencer, N.Y. In the educational field, he served as a teacher in a business college at Freeport, Ill.; a professor at Rock River U. at Dixon, Ill.; principal of the Dixon and Pittsfield, Ill., schools; and in 1885 founded, and was president, of the Ferris Institute. He was elected governor of Michigan two terms, 1913-16 and was U.S. Senator from 1923-29. He was raised in Big Rapids Lodge No. 171, Big Rapids, Mich., on Feb. 12, 1891. d. March 23, 1928.

Elisha P. Ferry Governor of Washington, 1872-80. Member of Harmony Lodge No. 13 at Olympia, Wash., and past master of same. Grand master of the Grand Lodge of Washington and 32° AASR (SJ) at Olympia. Deceased.

Jules F. C. Ferry (1832-1893) French lawyer, statesman and Premier of France, 1880-81, 1883-85. Born at Saint Die, in the Vosges in 1832, he was admitted to the bar in 1851. Active in the establishment of the Republic of France, he turned to politics and opposed the party of Louis Napoleon. He gained fame for himself while serving as minister of public instruction. Through his efforts, the rule of the Jesuits was broken in 1879, and in 1882, he was instrumental in the passage of a law which made primary education free, compulsory and non-clerical. While prime minister, he directed the acquisition of colonies in Africa and Asia. At the siege of Paris during the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71), he was prefect of the besieged city and conceived the novel idea of getting the mail out by balloons, thus founding the world's first "air mail." He was a member of the Lodge Alsace-Lorraine which was constituted at Paris in Sept. 1872 under the jurisdiction of the Grand Ori- Simeon D. Fess (1861-1936) U.S. Senator from Ohio, 1923-35. b. Dec. 11, 1861 in Allen Co., Ohio. Three degrees from Ohio Northern U. at Ada, Ohio. A professor of law from 1896-1900, he then served two years as vice president of his alma mater, and later was a lecturer at the U. of Chicago. From 1907-17 he was president of Antioch Col., Yellow Springs, Ohio. He was a member of the 63rd to 67th U.S. congresses (1915-23) before becoming a member of the U.S. Senate for two terms. A member of Yellow Springs Lodge No. 421, he was a 33° AASR (NJ) and member of Antioch Shrine Temple at Dayton. d. Dec. 23, 1936.

Samuel Fe sse n d en (1784-1869) Lawyer and Major General of Massachusetts militia. b. July 16, 1784 in Fryeburg, Maine. Graduate of Dartmouth in 1806. In 1828 he declined the presidency of that institution. He was admitted to the bar in 1809, and began practice at New Gloucester. He was on the general court of Mass. (of which Maine was then a part) for two years and represented his district in the state senate and legislature. He served 14 years as a major general of the 12th Mass. militia. Raised Sept. 25, 1805 in Pythagorean Lodge No. 11, Fryeburg, he affiliated with Cumberland Lodge No. 12, New Gloucester on Oct. 16, 1809 and with Portland Lodge No. 1 (Portland) on March 24, 1823. He served in the grand lodge line from 1822 until 1828, when he was elected grand master. He was exalted in Mt. Vernon Chapter No. 1, R.A.M. of Portland on July 11, 1823, elected an honorary member in 1849, and served as deputy grand high priest of the Grand Chapter of Maine in 1826-27; knighted in Maine Encampment No. 1, Portland on Nov. 24, 1823, he was commander in 1825, 1845 and 1846. In 1845 he was grand captain general of the Grand Encampment of Mass. and R.I. d. March 13, ent of France. 1869.

44 John E. Fetzer Ignaz Aurelius Fessler (1756-1839) Hungarian ecclesiastic, historian and Masonic reformer. b. May 18, 1756 at Czarendorf, Hungary. He was educated in the Jesuit school of Raab, and took the orders in 1772. He was sent to the Capuchin monastery in Vienna. When he exposed the monastic abuses to Emperor Joseph II, he was dismissed from the order in 1781, and was converted to Lutheranism in 1791. He then taught oriental languages at the U. of Lemberg and served as private tutor to the son of Prince of Crolath. From 1791 to 1806, he was a superintendent of schools in Berlin. It was during this period that he made the attempted revision of the Royal York Lodge in Germany and documented the Rite of Fessler. He was initiated at Lemberg in 1783. He studied Freemasonry and thought it incapable of producing the moral reforms he wished. He therefore established a secret order called the Evergreen in 1788 while in Breslau. It bore a resemblance to Freemasonry, but it later failed. In June, 1796, while in Berlin, he affiliated with the Lodge Royal York, zur Freundschaft, became one of its officers, and eventually saw it grow into a grand lodge, of which he became deputy grand master. He was charged with revising the ritual, which was based on the French system of advanced degrees. Fessler, himself, did not believe in any degrees beyond that of "Master." He worked on its revision for many years and incorporated parts of the Swedish system. When the brethren would not accept his revisions, he wearied of his opposition and renounced all the offices he had filled, resigning in 1802. His revised rite, which was soon abandoned by the grand lodge in favor of the English system, contained nine degrees—Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft, Master Mason, The Holy of Holies, Justification, Celebration, True Light, The Country, and Perfection. He later received relief from the German lodges. In 1808 he became a professor in the U. of St. Petersburg, Russia; ecclesiastical president of the Consistory at Saratow, and in 1827 on the invitation of Emperor Alexander, he was made ecclesiastical counselor. In Russia he became master of The Polar Star Lodge which was organized about 1809 and met in the private apartments of Baron Rosenkampf. They were called "Illuminati" or "hateful revolutionaries" by the Russian Rosicrucians. Fessler's early renunciation of the priesthood followed him all his life and forced him from one position to another as he was constantly attacked for his liberal views.

John E. Fetzer Radio executive. Co-owner Detroit Tigers Baseball Club, Am. League, since 1956. b. March 25, 1901 in Decatur, Ind. Graduate of Purdue U. in 1921. After doing experimental work on spark and vacuum tube transmitters, he built and operated the pioneer Southwest Michigan radio station KFGZ in 1923. He then did research in England, Holland, France, Germany and Switzerland. Returning to the U.S. he became president and owner of WKZO at Kalamazoo, Mich. (1939). He then established station WJEF at Grand Rapids and became vice president of KXEL at Waterloo, Ia. From 1944-46 he was assistant director of U.S. censorship in charge of radio and as such supervised 900 domestic radio stations and all short-wave overseas broadcasts, all wire services and network news rooms. Visited Europe in 1945 at invitation of General Eisenhower to study problems of use of radio in postwar Europe. Member of Anchor Lodge No. 87; Kalamazoo Chapter No. 13, R.A.M.; Peninsular Commandery No. 8, K.T., all of Kalamazoo, Mich. 32° AASR (NJ) at Grand Rapids, Mich., and Saladin Shrine Temple of same city.

45 Wade Fetzer Wade Fetzer President of The Fidelity & Casualty Co. of New York. b. Nov. 22, 1879 at Ottumwa, Ia. Has been in the insurance business at Chicago, Ill., since 1897. He has been president of the W. A. Alexander & Co. since 1927 and now chairman; president of Fidelity of New York since 1930, now director. He is also director of the Continental Insurance Co. of N.Y.; La Salle National Bank of Chicago and First National Bank of Hinsdale, Ill. He was the first president of the Insurance Federation of America in 1913, and again in 1920. Mason.

Anthony Fiala (1869-1950) Explorer. b. Sept. 19, 1869 in Jersey City Heights, N.J. Began as a designer of lithography, and later a newspaper artist and cartoonist with Grit publications. He studied photo-engraving, and installed the plant for the Brooklyn Daily Eagle in 1894, and was in charge of the same. While serving in the Spanish-American War, he acted as war correspondent for that paper. He later established and was president of Fiala Outfits, Inc. He was photographer for the Baldwin-Ziegler Polar Expedition of 1901-02, and commanding officer of the Ziegler Polar Expedition of 1903-05, the latter reaching 82° 4' north and discovering and mapping new islands. They also discovered and mapped accurately the greater part of Franz Joseph Archipelago. He accompanied Col. Theodore Roosevelt, q.v., on his trip through the Brazilian wilderness in 1913-14 and explored the Papagio River and descended the Jurnena and Tapajos Rivers of Brazil. Served in the Mexican border affair and as a major in WWI. Member of Kane Lodge No. 454, New York City. d. April 8, 1950.

Johann Gottleib Fichte (17621814) German philosopher. Educated at Jena and Leipzig, Germany. After tutoring in Zurich, Switzerland, he was appointed professor of philosophyat the U. of Jena in 1793 and here wrote some of the books for which he became internationally famous. In 1798, a theological furor arose over an article which appeared in a journal he edited, and he resigned. Taking up residence in Berlin, he drew up a plan for the U. of Berlin and was its first rector (1810-14). He was the exponent of a system of transcendental idealism, emphasizing self-activity of reason, and setting forth a perfected Kantian system, or science of knowledge, in which he connected practical reason with pure reason. He was the author of Versucheiner Kritik alter Offenbarung, which was first attributed to Kant. Fichte was made a Mason in Zurich. There was no lodge in Jena, so he went to Rudolstadt in Thuringia, a duchy where the reigning prince was a patron of Masonry. When he went to Berlin in 1799, he became acquainted with Fessler, q.v., deputy grand master of the Royal York grand lodge and co-operated with him on the philosophical phase of additional degrees. Among his writings was a book entitled The Philosophy of Masonry.

Crosby Field Inventor. b. March 12, 1889 at Jamestown, N.Y. Graduate of New York and Cornell Universities. He has over 100 U.S. patents in his name for electrical, mechanical and chemical processes. His inventions include the Oxide Film Lightning Arrester (1912) and continuous ice ribbon freezing process (1923). He was first with General Electric and then in private practice as a consulting engineer. From 1919-23 he was with National Aniline & Chemical Co. in charge of all engineering; from 1923-45 he was vice president of Brillo Mfg. Co.; has been president of Flak Ice Corp. since 1923. As an officer of Army Ordnance Dept. since 1917, he served in both World Wars. He received his third degree in Wappingers Lodge No. 671, Wappingers

46 Millard Fillmore Falls, N.Y., on May 15, 1916 and has been in good standing since that time.

Stephen J. Field (1816-1899) Justice, U.S. Supreme Court, 1863-97. b. Nov. 4, 1816 at Haddam, Conn., he was admitted to the bar in 1841. He was the last justice appointed by Lincoln. His decisions were important in the development of constitutional law. He resigned in 1897. He was a member of Corinthian Lodge No. 9 (formerly Lavely Lodge) at Marysville, Calif., and in 1866 was made a life member for his liberal donations to the lodge. d. April 9, 1899.

William C. Fields (1880-1946) Comedian of stage, motion picture and radio. b. Jan. 29, 1880 at Philadelphia, Pa. He was in vaudeville for several years and appeared in musical productions on Broadway including the Ziegfield Follies and Earl Carroll's Vanities. Among his motion pictures were: So's Your Old Man, It's the Old Army Game, The Potters, Six of a Kind, One in a Million, It's a Gift, David Copperfield, Mississippi, The Man on a Flying Trapeze, Poppy, The Big Broadcast of 1938, The Bank Dick, Never Give a Sucker an Even Break and My Little Chickadee. In 1937 he starred on the Chase and Sanborn Radio Hour. He was famous for his bulbous nose and his Fieldisms such as "my little chickadee" and "imagine that—a check for a short beer." He was a member of E. Coppee Mitchell Lodge No. 605, Philadelphia, Pa. d. Dec. 25, 1946.

Willam J. Fields (1874-?) Governor of Kentucky, 1924-27 b. Dec. 29, 1874 in Willard, Ky. Farmer, lawyer and real estate dealer at Olive Hill, Ky., and then a commercial traveler for wholesale groceries and drygoods from 1899-1910. Member of 62nd to 68th Congresses (1911-25). Resigned to become governor. Original lodge not known, but was admitted to Little Sandy Lodge No. 712 on Aug. 21, 1915from "Ashland" (grand secretary's records do not locate him in any lodges around Ashland). He was suspended Aug. 20, 1921; reinstated July 21, 1923; suspended June 20, 1925. Deceased.

Howard W. Files (1893-1957) Vice President of Pillsbury Mills, Inc. since 1933. b. Feb. 18, 1893 at Sioux Falls, S.D. He has been employed by Pillsbury since 1912, advancing to vice president in 1933, and vice president in charge of sales and advertising since 1940. Served in WWI both as an enlisted man and officer. Member of Khurum Lodge No. 112, Minneapolis, receiving degrees July 23, Aug. 16 and Aug. 20, 1915; 32° AASR (NJ) on Nov. 12, 1921. d. Dec. 7, 1957.

Jose Quirce Filguera Costa Rican architect who reconstructed the Cathedral of San Jose. On a voyage to Guatemala he organized Freemasonry in that country. He was master of Caridad Lodge No. 26.

Vincente Filisola Mexican general, second in command to Santa Anna during the Texas revolution. He was senior warden of La Independencia Lodge.

Millard Fillmore (1800-1874) Thirteenth President of the United States. Was an Anti-Mason. At the beginning of the Anti-Masonic period he was one of the most bitter critics of the fraternity which he characterized as "organized treason." Later in life his views seemed to mellow, for on July 4, 1851, as President, he was present at the Masonic cornerstone laying of the extension of the Capitol in Washington and took part in the exercises, examined the stone, pronounced it laid, and said, "The Most Worshipful Grand Master of the District of Columbia will now please examine the

47 William P. Filmer stone and see that it is well laid." In Sept., 1872, he attended another Masonic cornerstone laying at the Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane. His uncle, Jesse Millard of Michigan, was a Mason.

William P. Filmer (1866-1942) President of the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District from 1929-38. b. March 2, 1866 in New York City and educated in California public schools. Began as a farmer and then went into the printing business, becoming president of the Filmer Bros. Electrotype Co. from 1900. Initiated in King Solomon's Lodge No. 260 in July, 1898, he was master in 1903, and held the office of treasurer from 1903 until his death. Member of chapter, council and commandery, he received the Scottish Rite in 1900, and was grand treasurer general, 33° of the AASR (SJ). He was grand master of the Grand Lodge of California in 1911 and grand treasurer of the same from 1913 until his death on Nov. 22, 1942.

John Filson (1747-1788) Explorer and historian. b. in Chester Co., Pa. An early explorer of the western country, he had traveled throughout the central part of North America before he was 37. After spending several years in Kentucky collecting information for a history of the country, he purchased one-third interest in the present site of Cincinnati, Ohio, from Mathias Denman. While exploring the country between his new land and the Great Miami, he disappeared on Oct. 1, 1788 and was presumed to have been killed by hostile Indians. He became a member of Lodge No. 14 at Christina Ferry, Del. on Dec. 16, 1784, on a trip to Wilmington to have his first book printed, i.e., The Discovery, Settlement and Present State of Kentucke. He also published A Map of Kentucky; A Topographical Description of the Western Territory of North America and other works.

Alexander Edward, Viscount of Fincastle Sixty-first Grand Master Mason of Scotland in 1835. He was later the 6th Earl of Dunmore.

William Finch (1772-1818) Controversial character of early English Freemasonry. Claimed by some to be a Masonic charlatan and imposter, he is supported by others as being a genuine student of Freemasonry. He was initiated in what is now the United Industrious Lodge No. 31 of Canterbury. He gave up his trade as a tailor and went to London to write Masonic books, which he published in great number. The first, published in 1801, was A Masonic Treatise, With an Elucidation on the Religious and Moral Beauties of Freemasonry, etc. It was approved by the provincial grand master for Kent. Five years later he was censured by the grand lodge. In 1807 he was again censured by the grand lodge. He set up his own "Independent" lodge in his home in Westminster where he conducted initiations and imparted Masonic instruction and even offered correspondence courses in Freemasonry. His rituals were printed in a cypher or The Master Key which he varied from time to time. The first was one using Z for A, Y for B, etc. He made considerable profit from his lodge and books, but in 1815 an engraver named Smith sued him for money due for printing and Finch instituted a countersuit for money due him for initiating and instructing Smith in Freemasonry. When the grand lodge officers were called into court as witnesses, they denied that Finch had the right to make Freemasons and he lost the suit, later dying in poverty.

William G. H. Finch Inventor and radio executive. The inventor of automatic high speed radio printing system; radio relay, and recorder; high fidelity transmission system (both black and white and color); and radio broadcast facsimile system. b.

48 John S. Fine June 28, 1895 in Birmingham, England, coming to the U.S. in 1906. In early years, he was an electrical engineer and radio specialist with several companies. ince 1921 he has been radio engineer and editor of Internation News Service, and radio editor of New York American and patent advisor for Popular Radio and Wireless Age since 1925. He established the first radio-typewriter press circuit between New York City and Chicago in 1932, and the first international circuit between New York City and Havana in 1933. He is the chief consulting engineer of the Hearst Newspapers, and chief engineer and secretary of Hurst's American Radio News Corp. In 1931 he was communications aide to the Wilkins-Ellsworth Transarctic Submarine Expedition. He is vice president of WCAE, Pittsburgh, and owner of WGHF. Member of DeMolay Lodge No. 498, Buffalo, N.Y., since 1919; Ancient Chapter No. 1, R.A.M. and Columbia Commandery No. 1, K.T., both of New York City; 32° AASR (SJ) at Alexandria, Va., and Washington, D. C. Chapter of National Sojourners; Mecca Shrine Temple, New York City.

Gottfried Joseph G. Findel (18281905) German Masonic writer, noted mainly for his General History of Freemasonry, published in 1861 and translated into English versions in 1865 and 1869. This was the forerunner of Gould's later work. He was initiated in Lodge Eleusis zur Vershwiegenheit at Bayreuth on Oct. 19, 1856. He founded the Union of German Freemasons in 1860 and was the editor of an interesting Masonic journal at Leipzig in 1858, entitled Craft Lodge. In 1874 he published Genius and Form of Freemasonry. Of interest to Americans is the fact that in 1860 the Prince Hall (Negro) Grand Lodge of Mass. made him honorary past grand master and named him representative of the Prince Hallgroups in Germany. They presented him with a jewel, collar, and gauntlets which were on display in the museum of the grand lodge at Bayreuth before WWII. When the Nazis overran Germany, all items were confiscated except the jewel and it is again on display in the museum. d. in 1905.

William Findlay (1768-1846) Governor of Pennsylvania 1817-20 and U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania, 182124. b. June 20, 1768 in Mercersburg, Pa., he became a farmer and active in Democratic politics. He was elected to the state legislature in 1797 and 1803. From 1807-17 he was state treasurer. He was treasurer of the U.S. mint at Philadelphia from 1827-40. Member of a Pennsylvania lodge. d. Nov. 12, 1846.

Benjamin Fine Journalist and Education Editor for The New York Times. In 1943 he won the Pulitzer Award for the New York Times for "the most disinterested and meritorious public service rendered by an American newspaper during the year." b. Sept. 1, 1905 in New York City, he is a graduate of Rhode Island State Coll., and Columbia U. He was taught and lectured in education in a number of institutions of higher learning. Among his books are A Giant of the Press; Educational Publicity; and Admission to American Colleges. Raised in Justice Lodge No. 753, New York City in 1937, he was master in 1946 and named representative of New Mexico near the Grand Lodge of New York in 1955; 32° AASR (NJ) and member of Mecca Shrine Temple of New York; chairman of education committee of New York Times Square Club.

John S. Fine Governor of Pennsylvania, 1950-54. b. April 10, 1893 near Nanticoke, Pa. Graduate of Trinity Coll. and U. of Dublin. Admitted to bar in 1915, he practiced in Wilkes-Barre until 1927 when he became

49 George K. Finlay judge of court of common pleas of Luzerne Co. In 1947 he was named to the bench of the superior court of Pa., serving until elected governor in 1950. Mason.

George K. Finlay (1877-1938) Protestant Episcopal Bishop. b. Oct. 1, 1877 at Greenville, S. Car. Ordained deacon in 1902 and priest in 1903. He was missionary in charge of Trinity Chapel at Clemson Coll. (S. Car.) from 1902-07, and rector of Trinity Church at Columbia from 1907-21, when he was consecrated bishop coadjutor of diocese of South Carolina. From 1922 he was bishop for diocese of upper South Carolina. Mason. d. Aug. 27, 1938.

David E. Finley Director, National Gallery of Art at Washington, D.C. since 1938. b. Sept. 13, 1890 at York, S. Car. Graduate of U. of South Carolina and George Washington Law School. He practiced law at Philadelphia from 1915-17, and after service as a lieutenant in WWI, went with the War Finance Corp. and later with the U.S. treasury. From 1933-37 he practiced law in Washington, D.C. He was president of American Association of Museums from 1945-49 and has served on national and international museum commissions. Mason. Member Philanthropic Lodge No. 32, York, S.C.

George Washington Finley (18581932) Piankesha Indian Chief whose tribal name was Te-Wah-Guah-KeIllon-Ga b. b. Oct. 7, 1858 near Paola, Kans. He was raised in Miami Lodge No. 140, Miami, Okla. on Sept. 24, 1913 and served that lodge as tyler for 15 years. He received his 32° AASR (SJ) at McAlester, Okla. on Jan. 25, 1917 and was a member of Akdar Shrine Temple at Tulsa, Okla. d. Nov. 16, 1932.

Woolsey Finnell (1866-1955) Alabama engineer who sponsored the erection of a monument to the memory of Ephriam Kirby, q.v., the first general grand high priest of the Gen-eral Grand Chapter, U.S.A. at Mt. Vernon, Ala. in 1953. b. Oct. 24, 1866 near Tuscaloosa, Ala. He was an engineering graduate of the U. of Alabama. Served in Engineer Corps as a colonel in WWI and was cited for meritorious service by General Pershing, q.v. Was judge of probate in Tuscaloosa Co. following the war and later state director of highways for Ala. Finnell was one of the co-founders of the American Legion. Raised Sept. 26, 1896 and served as head of the grand chapter, grand council and grand commandery of Alabama. Member of Red Cross of Constantine; K.Y.C.H.; 33° AASR (SJ). He was awarded the General Grand Chapter's gold distinguished service award in 1954 for his part in the erection of the Kirby monument. d. Jan. 26, 1955.

Charles G. Finney (1792-1875) Anti-Mason, clergyman, abolitionist and president of Oberlin College (Ohio) from 1851-65. He received his degrees in Meridian Sun Lodge No. 32, Warren, Conn. in 1816, and in June, 1818, made his first visit to Rising Sun Lodge No. 125 at Adams, N.Y. Although not a member of the latter lodge at the time, he was voted to serve as secretary, pro tern at a meeting on Feb. 24, 1820. On Dec. 14, 1820 he was admitted a member of the lodge and named secretary at the same meeting. On May 6, 1824, he was discharged by his own request. It was in this year that he was licensed as a minister by the St. Lawrence Presbytery, and two years later he began conducting religious revivals throughout the Middle and Eastern states. He wrote and preached anti-Masonry wherever he was, and with Jonathan Blanchard, a Presbyterian minister and president of Wheaton College, published an anti-Masonic newspaper called The Christian Cynosure. He was active with Blanchard and Bishop David Edwards in the formation of the National Christian Association in

1868, whose purpose was to oppose all secret societies. This grew into the American Party in 1872, and this short-lived organization ran candidates in the 1876 and 1880 elections. Eventually dissension and petty jealousies in the anti-Masonic ranks caused the movement to die. As one biographer stated: "Were he alive today, how surprised he would be to learn that there are more Masons among the undergraduates and graduates of Oberlin College than existed during the Morgan affair in the entire state of New York.”

Joseph Firrao Anti-Mason. Roman Catholic Cardinal and secretary of state to Pope Clement XII, q.v., who after his famous Bull of Excommunication on April 24, 1738 entitled In Eminenti Apostolatus Specula, caused Firrao to issue a still more stringent edict for the Papal states on Jan. 14, 1739 of which subjected Freemasons to death and confiscation of property, without hope of mercy—"sotto Pena della morte, e confiscazione de deni da incorressi, irremisstbilmente senz a speranza di grazia.”

Leo H. Fischer Sports editor. b. Sept. 20, 1897 at Chicago, Ill. Has been a reporter and sports writer for Chicago Examiner, Chicago Herald-Examiner, Chicago Journal, Chicago American. Has been sports editor for Chicago Herald-American since 1941. He was founder and president of the Amateur Softball Assn. in 1930-38; president of the National Professional Basketball League in 1940-44. Served in the Navy in WWI. Member of Monroe C. Crawford Lodge No. 1042, Chicago, Ill., receiving degrees on May 27, July 1, and Sept. 9, 1921. Served as senior warden at one time. Member of National Sojourners and Heroes of '76.

Bert Fish (1875-1943) U.S. Envoy and Minister. b. Oct. 8, 1875 at Bedford, Ind. Graduate of John B. Stetson U. Admitted to Florida bar in1902, practiced in De Land, retiring in 1926. He served as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Egypt (1933), Saudi Arabia (1939), and Portugal from 1941. In 1937 he was chairman of the delegation to the Capitulations Conferences at Montreaux, Switzerland. He also was engaged in the citrus industry in Florida. Member of St. Johns Lodge No. 37, De Land, Fla., receiving degrees on Feb. 14, March 14 and March 28, 1899; 32° AASR (SJ). d. July 21, 1943.

Edward L. Fishburne Justice, Supreme Court of North Carolina since 1935. b. Nov. 4, 1883 at Walterboro, S. Car. Graduate of The Citadel (S.C.). Admitted to bar in 1907 and practiced in Walterboro. Served four years in the lower house of his state. Mason.

John W. Fishburne (1868-1937) U.S. Congressman to 72nd Congress (1931-33) from 7th Va. dist. b. March 8, 1868 in Albemarle Co., Va. Law degree from U. of Virginia in 1896, he practiced at Charlottesville. Served in lower state house and was circuit judge from 1913-30. Mason. d. June 26, 1937.

Geoffrey F. Fisher Archbishop of Canterbury. b. May 5, 1887 at Higham Rectory, Numeaton, England. He was a student at Marlborough Coll. from 1901-06 and received a B.A. from Exeter Coll., Oxford, in 1910 and an M.A. in 1913. He was ordained as a deacon in the Church of England in 1912, priested in 1913, and consecrated bishop in 1932, as bishop of Chester; bishop of London in 1939, and archbishop of Canterbury since 1945. He is known for his tolerance and unconventionality. When enthroned in 1945 as archbishop, he became one of the youngest primates of England in modern times. He has been privy councilor since 1939. Initiated in Old Reptonian Lodge No. 3725 in 1916, he later became a member of Tyrian Lodge No.

253 in Derby, and as bishop of Chester, he joined St. Anselms Lodge No. 5166 at Chester in 1935, and served as master in 1936. He has twice been grand chaplain of the Grand Lodge of England-1937 and 1939 and served as provincial grand master for Norfolk.

Henry C. Fisher (1867-1936) Brigadier General, U.S. Army Medical Corps. b. May 20, 1867 in Montgomery Co., Md. Received his M.D. degree at Georgetown U. in 1891, and appointed 1st lieutenant and assistant surgeon in the Army in the same year, advancing through grades to brigadier general and assistant surgeon general in 1929, retiring in 1931. He served in the Spanish-American War, Philippine Insurrection and WWI. He commanded hospitals at Hot Springs, Ark., Walter Reed General Hospital, and Army Medical School at Washington, D.C. Mason. d. Dec. 18, 1936.

John S. Fisher (1867-1940) Governor of Pennsylvania, 1927-31. b. May 25, 1867 in South Mahoning Twp., Pa. Graduate of Indiana State Normal School of Pa. in 1886 and honorary degrees from several institutions. Admitted to the bar in 1893, he practiced at Indiana, Pa. He was chairman of the board of National Union Fire Insurance Co. and was chairman of the investigating committee which exposed the frauds in connection with furnishing the state capitol at Harrisburg. In 1919 he was appointed state commissioner of banking. He was made a Mason "at sight" by the grand master of Pennsylvania at a special communication of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania on March 7, 1928, and was elected to membership in Indiana Lodge No. 313 of Indiana, Pa. d. June 25, 1940.

Joshua Fisher (1748-1833) Surgeon on a privateer during the Revolutionary War. b. May 17, 1748, in Dedham, Mass. He graduated from Harvard in 1776, studied medicine and began his practice until the hostilities with Great Britain began in 1775, when he volunteered as a surgeon on a privateer out of Marblehead. He was captured, but escaped to France, again entering the service. After the war, he settled in Beverly, Mass. and attained a high reputation in his profession. He bequeathed $20,000 to found a Harvard professorship in natural history. He was president of the Massachusetts Medical Society and published A Discourse on Narcotics in 1806. He was a member of Unity Lodge at Ipswich, Mass. and served as secretary of the lodge. d. March 15, 1833.

0. Clark Fisher U.S. Congressman to 78th to 80th Congresses from 21st Texas dist. (1943-51). b. Nov. 22, 1903 near Junction, Texas. Admitted to bar in 1929, he served as county attorney, state representative and district attorney. Member of Concho Lodge No. 1260, San Angelo, Texas since 1922 and past master of same. Member of Acacia Fraternity, Eastern Star and Shrine.

George A. Fitch Secretary of the International Committee on Y.M.C.A. since 1909. b. Jan. 23, 1883 in Soo-chow, China. An ordained Presbyterian pastor, he entered the Y.M.C.A. work in 1909, and has served in Shanghai, Nanking, Chungking, Lan-chow, China, and in Korea since 1947. He was director of the Nanking Safety Zone during the siege and occupation of 1937-38. He has been executive adviser to Chinese Industrial Cooperatives; deputy director of UNRRA; vice president of Chinese-Foreign Famine Relief; trustee of Institution for Chinese Blind, and honorary adviser to Chinese Mission to Lepers. Mason and member of O.E.S.

John Fitch (1743-1798) Inventor of steamboats. b. Jan. 21, 1743 in East Windsor, Conn. His early years were marked by ill-treatment from his

52 A. L. Fitzgerald father and elder brother, and an unfortunate marriage. After serving an apprenticeship as a watchmaker, he became a wanderer in 1769. First a gunsmith to the American forces of the Revolution, he later joined the New Jersey troops and wintered at Valley Forge, later resuming his watch-making trade in Bucks Co., Pa. As a deputy surveyor for the state of Virginia he also combined the job of selling merchandise in the back country and on one trip was captured and held prisoner by the Indians throughout one winter (1782-83) until he escaped. He first conceived the idea of steam as a motive-power in April, 1785 while in Warminster, Pa. He had been initiated into Bristol Lodge No. 25 of Bristol, Pa., just three months earlier (Jan. 4, 1785). His first thought was to use it for carriages, but then he returned to vessels. He completed his first model of a steamboat that year. Although he besieged the Continental Congress as well as the Pennsylvania legislature for aid in his project, he failed to receive it, and with $800 of his own captial, he formed a company and began a boat of 60 tons. His second boat made its trial trip on the Delaware at Philadelphia on Aug. 22, 1787, in the presence of the members of congress met in convention to frame the Federal constitution. A still larger boat was completed in October, 1788, and another in April, 1790, the latter running the entire summer as a regular passenger boat between Philadelphia and Burlington with a speed of eight miles per hour. In 1791 he received a patent for his inventions from the government. In 1793 he went to France to build a boat, but found the country in revolution and left his plans and specifications with the American consul at L'Orient and went to London. In his absence, his drawings and papers, it is claimed, were lent to Robert Fulton who was then in Paris. He returned to America in 1794 disappointed and penniless. He then constructed one more steamboat and another model, but sometime between June 25 and July 18, 1798, he committed suicide by poison and died in a tavern in Bardstown, Ky. He wrote: "The day will come when some more powerful man will get fame and riches from my invention; but nobody will believe that poor John Fitch can do anything worthy of attention." In 1817, at the instigation of Governor Ogden of N.J. the original patents, drafts, specifications and models of both Fitch's and Fulton's boats were presented before a committee of the New York legislature which reported: "the steamboats built by Livingston and Fulton were in substance the invention patented to John Fitch in 1791, and Fitch during the term of his patent had the exclusive right to use the same in the United States.”

Lord Frederick Fitzclarence. Sixty-Fifth Grand Master Mason of Scotland, 1841-42.

A. L. Fitzgerald (1840-1921) President of Pacific Methodist College, 1871-75 and Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Nevada, 1907. b. Oct. 27, 1840 in Ruffin, N. Car. Graduate of U. of N. Car. Serving in the Civil War, he saw action in the battles of the Wilderness, Petersburg, and the siege of Richmond. Went to Calif. after the war and taught Greek and Latin in the Pacific Methodist College. He later became deputy superintendent of Public Instruction of the state and returned to the college in 1871 as president. He read law and was admitted to the bar in 1878, moving in that year to Eureka, Nev. He was elected district judge in 1887, and elevated to the supreme court bench in 1900. Raised in Rockwell Lodge No. 600, Ruffin, N. Car., he received the chapter and commandery degrees in Petersburg, Va. in 1863. In Nevada he affiliated with Eureka Lodge No. 16 and St. Johns Chapter No. 5, heading

53 Edward Fitzgerald both bodies and becoming grand high priest of the Grand Chapter of Nevada in 1884 and grand master of the Grand Lodge of Nevada in 1887. He received his AASR (SJ) degrees in Santa Rosa, Calif., in 1870, 33° and sovereign grand inspector general for Nevada. d. Aug. 21, 1921.

Edward Fitzgerald (1809-1883) English poet and translator. Educated at Cambridge, he is best known for his translation in rhymed verse of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1859). He was the author of two plays of Sophocles and six dramas of Calderon. Member of Doric Lodge No. 96 at Woodbridge, England.

Frank D. Fitzgerald (1885-1939) Governor of Michigan, 1935-36. b. Jan. 27, 1885 at Grand Ledge, Mich. In the service of his state from 1913, he was variously a proofreader of the lower house, bill clerk, clerk in office of secretary of state, executive secretary of Michigan Federal Food Administration, deputy secretary of state, business manager of state highway department, secretary of state, 1931-34. He was raised in Grand Ledge Lodge No. 179 on Nov. 7, 1920, and was a member of the Scottish Rite (NJ) at Grand Rapids, Mich. d. March 16, 1939.

John Fitzgerald Aide-de-Camp to General Washington in Revolutionary War. A major of the 9th Virginia Regiment, he served as Washington's aide from Nov. 1776 to July 1778. Member of Williamsburg Lodge No. 6 in Virginia.

Roy G. Fitzgerald U.S. Congressman, 67th to 71st Congresses (192131) from 3rd Ohio dist. b. Aug. 25, 1875 at Watertown, N.Y. Admitted to bar in 1896. He served in WWI as an infantry captain overseas. He is the author of the cumulative codification system for statutory law of U.S. and District of Columbia, and has been adelegate to the conference of the Interparliamentary Union in 1927, 1928 and 1929. Member of Mystic Lodge No. 405, Dayton, Ohio, receiving degrees on Dec. 23, 1902, Feb. 4 and Feb. 16, 1903; 32° AASR (NJ).

Burton S. Flagg President of Federated Mutual Fire Insurance Co. and Cambridge Mutual Fire Insurance Co. b. Nov. 10, 1873 in Littleton, Mass. Graduate of Brown U. in 1896. Started in insurance business at Fitchburg, Mass. in 1897. Officer and director of many companies. Raised in St. Matthews Lodge, Andover, Mass. on Nov. 2, 1903; knighted in Bethany Cornmandery No. 17, Lawrence, Mass. on May 28, 1907; received 32° AASR (NJ) in Massachusetts Consistory, Boston, April 28, 1911; entered Aleppo Shrine Temple, Boston, on Dec. 30, 1910.

Edmund Flagg (1815-?) Author. b. Nov. 24, 1815 in Wiscasset, Maine. He graduated at Bowdoin in 1835 and taught school in Louisville, Ky. and wrote for the Louisville Journal for 30 years. He read law in St. Louis and was admitted to the Mo. bar in 1837, also editing the St. Louis Commercial Bulletin. In 1840-41 he practiced law in Vicksburg, Miss., and was editor of the Whig at the same time. At this time he was seriously wounded in a duel with the editor of the Vicksburg Sentinel. In 1842 he owned the Gazette at Marietta, Ohio, and in 1844-45 the St. Louis Evening Gazette. He subsequently acted as official reporter of the courts of St. Louis and reported on the debates of the constitutional convention of Mo. In 1849 he was secretary of the U.S. legation at Berlin, and in 1850-51 was U.S. consul at Venice and also correspondent for several New York papers. On his return in 1852 he took charge of a Democratic paper in St. Louis. He was afterward placed in charge of the bureau of statistics in the department of state at Washington, D.C. From 1858-

60 he acted as Washington correspondent for the western press. From 186170 he was in charge of the U.S. copyright office and then practiced law at Falls Church, Va. Among his writings are The Far West; The Howard Queen; Blanche of Artois; Edmond Dantes (a sequel to Monte Cristo); Venice, the City of the Sea; De Molai, the Last of the Military Grand Masters. Although his lodge is not known, he was a member of Louisville Chapter No. 5, Louisville, Ky. and created a Knight Templar on April 26, 1851 in Louisville Commandery No. 1, K.T. He was a life member of the latter body, but dimitted to affiliate with Washington Commandery No. 1 of Washington, D.C. on March 8, 1854.

Harris Flanagin Former Governor of Arkansas. Member of Arkadelphia Lodge No. 19, Arkadelphia, Ark. In 1859 he was chairman of the committee on education of the Grand Lodge of Arkansas and junior grand deacon in 1862. A member of Whitfield Chapter No. 4, R.A.M., Camden, Ark., he became high priest of Merrick Chapter, U.D. at Arkadelphia and was deputy grand high priest of the Grand Chapter, R.A.M. of Arkansas in 1860. He served as grand master of the Grand Council, R. & S.M. of Arkansas. Deceased.

John W. Flannagan, Jr. (1885-1955) U.S. Congressman to 72nd to 80th Congresses (1931-49) from 9th Va. dist. b. Feb. 20, 1885 at Trevilians, Va. Began law practice at Appalachia, Va. in 1907 and later settled in Bristol. Mason and Shriner. d. April 27, 1955.

Reuben H. Fleet President of Consolidated Aircraft Corp. b. March 6, 1887 at Montesano, Wash. He began in 1907 as a real estate operator, specializing in timber and in May, 1923, organized the Consolidated Aircraft Corp., of which he was president and general manager until 1941 and senior consultant since 1942. Served as amajor in Army Air Force in WWI. Mason.

Samuel S. Fleisher (1872-1944) Wool manufacturer and philanthropist. Particularly active in juvenile fields. b. in Philadelphia, Pa., he was vice president of S. B. & B. W. Fleisher, Inc., manufacturers of worsted yarn, but retired to devote himself to community projects in Philadelphia as well as those on a national scale. Member of Keystone Lodge No. 271, Philadelphia, receiving degrees on April 6, May 9 and June 12, 1914. d. Jan. 20, 1944.

Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) British discoverer of penicillin. Graduate of St. Mary's Hospital Medical School. A professor of bacteriology at the U. of London and lecturer of Royal Coll. of Surgeons. He discovered penicillin in 1928 for which he was awarded the Nobel prize in 1945. Discovered lysozyme in 1929. He was knighted by King George VI, q.v., in 1944. He was awarded the distinguished service citation of the Grand Lodge of New York in 1953. A member of several English lodges, he was master of Misericordia Lodge No. 3286 in 1935, and later served as treasurer. He was master of Santa Maria Lodge No. 2682 in 1925, and later secretary. In 1942 he was elected senior grand deacon of the United Grand Lodge of England and promoted to past grand warden in 1948. He served as high priest of Aesculapius Chapter and in 1942 was past grand sojourner of the Supreme Grand Chapter, R.A.M. of England, and later was named past grand scribe. In the Scottish Rite, he was 30° and was sovereign of Victory Chapter of Rose Croix. He was also a member of the London Scottish Rifles Lodge No. 2310 and took special pride in the fact that he has served as a private in the Scottish Rifles Regiment of London for 14 years. d. March 11, 1955.

55 Dewey L. Fleming Dewey L. Fleming Newspaperman and Pulitzer prize winner. b. July 19, 1898 at Whitmer, W. Va. Was a reporter with Elkins Inter-Mountain (W. Va.) and Baltimore American until 1923, when he went with the Baltimore Sun. Since that time he has been with the Washington Bureau, New York correspondent, Chicago correspondent, London correspondent and chief of the Washington Bureau since 1941. He was awarded the Pultizer prize for reporting on national affairs in the year 1943. Mason.

Raymond H. Fleming Brigadier General, U.S. Army. b. July 5, 1889 at Waxahachie, Texas. Graduate of Trinity U. (Texas) and postgraduate work in economics and labor relations at Tulane. He enlisted as a private in the La. national guard in 1916 and was commissioned in 1917, advancing to brigadier general in the guard in 1928 and in the U.S. Army in 1940. He served in the Mexican border conflict and with the field artillery overseas in WWI. In WWII he was state director of selective service (La.) and in 1948 was assistant director of selective service at Washington, D.C. Member of Louisiana Lodge No. 102, New Orleans, La. since 1917 and a National Sojourner.

Wallace B. Fleming President of West Virginia Wesleyan College, 1915-22 and president of Baker University, 1922-36, and now president emeritus. b. Nov. 22, 1872 in Cambridge, Ohio, he holds degrees from Muskingum (Ohio), Drew, Columbia, West Virginia, Wesleyan and Baker. Ordained a Methodist Episcopal minister in 1897, he served pastorates in Paterson and Bayonne, N.J. and was later professor of Hebrew and Greek at Drew Theological Seminary (N.J.). Raised in Maple Lodge No. 196, N.J. on June 16, 1911. Later affiliated with Madison Lodge No. 93, N.J. and with Franklin Lodge No. 7, Buckhannon, W.Va. in 1918 dimitting in 1923.

Walter M. Fleming (1838-1913) Cofounder of the Ancient, Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine with William J. Florence, q.v., on June 6, 1876 and was its first imperial potentate, serving for 12 years. b. June 13, 1838 in Portland, Maine. A physician, he was raised in Rochester Lodge No. 660 on Feb. 13, 1869 and affiliated with New York Lodge No. 330 on Dec. 3, 1872. He became a member of Columbian Commandery No. 1, K.T. at New York City on Dec. 2, 1871 and was its commander from 1873-77. d. Sept. 9, 1913.

William Fleming (1734-1824) American patriot and jurist. A graduate of William and Mary CO11. in 1763, he was a member of the house of burgesses and of the Virginia conventions in 1775-76 and a member of the committee on independence in May, 1776. He became judge of the general court and presiding judge of the court of appeals. He served as a delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress in 1779-81. His lodge is not known, but he attended the sessions of the Grand Lodge of Virginia in Oct. 1791. d. Feb. 2, 1824.

Hugh J. Flemming Prime Minister of New Brunswick from 1952. b. at Peel, Carleton Co., N.B., Canada. Engaged in potato farming and lumbering early in life. He became a county councilor and was later elected to the New Brunswick legislature and became the leader of the opposition, in which capacity he served until the election of 1952, when the Conservatives came into power and he was called upon to form a new government. His father, John K. Flemming was premier of New Brunswick from 1911-14. He was raised in Carleton Lodge No. 35 in 1925 and took his chapter work in Woodstock Chapter No. 8, R.A.M. and was made a Knight Templar in 1929. As premier of the province, he encouraged legislation to

56 Charles W. Flint widen the social services and develop the potential hydro resources.

Duncan U. Fletcher (1859-1936) U.S. Senator from Florida 1909-36. b. Jan. 6, 1859 at Sumter Co., Ga. Degrees from Vanderbilt U. and John R. Stetson U. He was admitted to the bar in 1881 and practiced at Jacksonville, Fla. He served as mayor of Jacksonville two terms, was a member of the lower house in Florida, and chairman of the Democratic state committee from 1905-08. He was raised in Solomon Lodge No. 20 of Jacksonville in 1882. d. June 17, 1936.

Esten A. Fletcher (1869-?) Imperial Potentate of the Shrine in 1931-32. b. July 23, 1869 near Toronto, Canada.

Robert C. Fletcher One of the founders of Rotary International. Member of LaGrange Lodge No. 770 at LaGrange, Ill. and recorder of Trinity Commandery No. 80, K.T. of LaGrange.

Thomas C. Fletcher (1827-1899) Governor of Missouri, 1865-69. b. Jan. 22, 1827 at Herculaneum, Mo., his family came from Maryland in 1818. When 22, he was elected circuit clerk of Jefferson Co. He was admitted to the bar in 1855 and became land agent for S.W. branch of the Pacific Railroad. In 1857 he and his brother-in-law, Louis J. Rankin, laid out the town of DeSoto, Mo. In the Civil War he volunteered in April, 1861, and in 1862, recruited the 31st Missouri Infantry and was commissioned as colonel. He was wounded and captured at Chickasaw Bayou. In 1864 he organized state troops to resist the invasion of General Price, and for his successful defense of Pilot Knob under General Ewing, he was brevetted brigadier general by President Lincoln. Elected governor in Nov. 1864, he was the first native-born Missourian and the first Republican to serve as governor of the state. One of his first actswas to issue an emancipation proclamation on Jan. 11, 1865. He created a new and larger public school fund; reorganized and improved the public school system; made the first appropriation from the general revenue for the U. of Missouri; established an an-migration board and sold railroads owned by the state through failure of the companies to pay interest on state-guaranteed bonds. At the conclusion of his term in 1869, he practiced law in St. Louis and then in Washington, D.C. He was a member of Joachim Lodge No. 164, Hillsboro, Mo. (of which his father was also a member) and of Jefferson City Chapter No. 34, RA.M., receiving the Mark and Past Master degrees on Dec. 29, 1868 and Royal Arch on Jan. 23, 1871. He dimitted to St. Louis Chapter No. 8 on Feb. 4, 1876. He was knighted in Ivanhoe Commandery No. 8, K.T., St. Louis on May 25, 1871 and served as commander in 1874. When he moved to Washington, he dimitted from both chapter and commandery and it is presumed that he affiliated with those bodies in the east. d. March 25, 1899.

Charles W. Flint Methodist Bishop. b. Nov. 14, 1878 at Stouffville, Ont., Canada. Received degrees from Victoria Coll. (Ont.), Drew Theological Sem.; Columbia U. and Wesleyan U. He entered the Methodist ministry in 1900, and served pastorates in Iowa, New York and Conn. From 1915-22 he was president of Cornell Coll. (Ia.) and chancellor of Syracuse U. from 1922-36. Named as bishop in 1936, he first served the Atlanta area until 1939 and then the Syracuse area until 1944. In 1944 he was moved to the Washington, D.C. area. He is a member of Mt. Vernon Lodge No. 112, Mt. Vernon, Iowa. Received the 32° AASR (SJ) in Iowa on Feb. 1, 1918, withdrawing in 1919, and later affiliating with the northern jurisdiction and receiving 33°.

57 Frank P. Flint Frank P. Flint (1862-1929) U.S. Senator from California, 1905-11. b. July 15, 1862 in North Reading, Mass., moving to San Francisco with parents in 1869. Studied law, became clerk in U.S. marshal's office and admitted to the bar. He served as U.S. attorney for Los Angeles and later to Southern District of Calif. Member of Eastgate Chapter No. 103, R.A.M. of Los Angeles. d. Feb. 11, 1929.

Charles T. Floquet (1828-1896) President of the French Chamber of Deputies, 1885-88. A French politician and lawyer, he opposed the second empire, and was active in government of national defense in 1870. He attempted a reconciliation between the revolutionary leaders and Versailles government during the Commune, but was briefly imprisoned at Paris for his radical sentiments (1871). In 1875 he entered the chamber of deputies. From 1888-89 he was president of the council and minister of interior. He was again president of the chamber in 1889-93. Said by the bulletin of the International Masonic Congress (1917) to be a Freemason.

William Jermyn Florence (18311891) The stage name for Bernard Conlin, an American actor who is recognized as the founder of the Ancient and Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. b. July 26, 1831 in Albany, N.Y. He excelled in dialect impersonation. During one of his trips abroad, he conceived the idea of the Shrine while in North Africa, and on his return conveyed the idea to his friend, Dr. Walter M. Fleming, q.v., and the two founded the organization in New York City on June 6, 1876 with Fleming as first potentate of Mecca Temple. He received all three degrees by special dispensation in Mt. Moriah Lodge No. 155, Philadelphia, Pa. on Oct. 12, 1853 and "joined" the lodge on Nov. 22 of that year. He became a member of Zerubbabel Chapter No. 162, R.A.M. on June 12, 1854and of Pittsburgh Commandery No. 1, K.T. on June 13, 1854. He was a 33° AASR (NJ). d. Nov. 19, 1891. He was buried in a Protestant cemetery with Catholic rites, the latter being arranged by his wife.

Jean P. C. Florian (1755-1794) French author who wrote fables, romances and plays. Member of the Lodge of Nine Sisters, Paris.

Robert L. Flowers (1870-1951) President of Duke University, 194148. b. Nov. 6, 1870 in N. Car. He was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy in 1891. He was professor of mathematics at Duke U. from 18911934; vice president from 1925-41; trustee from 1910; treasurer 1928-48 and chancellor from 1948. Mason. d. Aug. 24, 1951.

John B. Floyd (1807-1863) Governor of Virginia, 1850-53; Secretary of War, 1857-60; Brigadier General in Confederate Army. b. June 1, 1807 in Blacksburg, Va. He graduated from Coll. of South Carolina in 1826 and moved to Arkansas for three years, returning to Virginia in 1839 to practice law. He served one term in the lower house of Virginia before becoming governor in 1850. In 1861 he was indicted in Washington as having given aid to secession leaders while he was secretary of war by dispersing the army to remote parts, transferring muskets from northern to southern arsenals and other charges. He demanded an immediate trial and in Jan. 1861, a committee from the house of representatives completely exonerated him. In that same year he was made brigadier general in the Confederate Army. He was a member of St. Johns Lodge No. 36, Richmond, Va. and was present at a special communication of the Grand Lodge of Virginia on Feb. 21, 1850. He delivered the oration at the cornerstone laying of the Washington monument. d. Aug. 26, 1863.

58 Joseph W. Folk Robert Fludd (1574-1637) An Oxonian philosopher who introduced Rosicrucianism into England. He wrote many works on the "Rosy Cross," all of which were in Latin. He claimed that the Rose Croix symbolically signified the cross dyed with the blood of the Saviour—a Christian idea which was in advance of the original Rosicrucians. Although he probably was not a member of the craft, his ideas may have had an influence on speculative Freemasonry in England. He was often called "Robertus de Fluctibus.”

John J. Flynt, Jr. U.S. Congressman, 83rd and 84th Congresses from 4th Georgia dist. b. Nov. 8, 1914 at Griffin, Ga. Graduate of U. of Georgia and George Washington U. Admitted to bar in 1938. Served in U.S. Army from 1936-37 and 1941-45. Member of Meridian Sun Lodge No. 26, Griffin, Ga., receiving degrees on Sept. 3, Oct. 1, and Oct. 15, 1946.

Nandor Fodor Psychoanalyst. b. May 13, 1895 in Beregszasz, Hungary. Graduate of Royal Hungarian U. of Science, Budapest, in 1917. From 193438 he was director of research for the International Institute of Psychical Research at London, and London editor of the Journal of American Society for Psychical Research from 1935-39. Since 1939 he has been a practicing psychoanalyst in New York City. He is the author of Encyclopedia of Psychic Science; Those Mysterious People; The Search for the Beloved; Freud—Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Mason.

James W. Foley, Jr. (1874-1939) Author and newspaperman. b. Feb. 4, 1874 in St. Louis, Mo. Student at U. of South Dakota. He began newspaper work on the Tribune at Bismarck in 1892 and was associate editor of the Evening Post at Pasadena, Calif., from 1919-29. He was the author ofmany poems and stories for children, and in 1924 the state department of public instruction in N. Dak. ordered his birthday to be celebrated by all public schools of that state and to be observed annually. Among his writings are Boys and Girls, Plains and Prairie, Life and Laughter—Completed Verses (1911); Old Friends in Joyous Verses (1912); The Way of Smiles (1913); Tales of the Trail (1914); The Friendship Series (which included 10 subjects in 1915); The Voices of Song (1916). He also produced several outdoor plays including In Old Virginia; With Happiness to You and White Gods and Red. Affiliated with Starr King Lodge No. 344, Calif. on Dec. 4, 1919 from Bismarck Lodge No. 5, S. Dak. d. May 17, 1939.

John H. Folger U.S. Congressman to 72nd and 78th to 80th Congresses (1943-49) from 5th N.Car. dist. b. Dec. 18, 1880 at Rockford, N.Car. Practiced law in N.Car. since 1901. Served in both branches of state legislature and was mayor of Mt. Airy for two terms. Mason and Shriner.

Joseph W. Folk (1869-1923) Governor of Missouri, 1905-09. b. Oct. 28, 1869 at Brownsville, Tenn. Graduated from Vanderbilt U. in 1890 and admitted to bar that year. He practiced in Brownsville, Tenn. for four years, and then moved to St. Louis, Mo. in 1894. While serving as circuit attorney of St. Louis (1900-04), he exposed a vast amount of political and official corruption and prosecuted numerous bribery cases, some involving influential St. Louis citizens. He lost two races for U.S. Senate and at one time was mentioned as a presidential candidate. He made a lecture tour of the U.S. in 1909-10 and was chief counsel for the Interstate Commerce Commission from 1914-18. He was raised in Occidental Lodge No. 163 at St. Louis on June 30, 1903 by the grand master of the state, Dr. William F. Kuhn, q.v. d. May 28, 1923.

59 Martin Folkes Martin Folkes (1690-1754) English scholar and antiquarian. b. Oct. 29, 1690 in Westminster, England. He entered Cambridge U. in 1707 and in 1713 was elected a fellow of the Royal Society and in 1723 was named its vice president. At the death of Sir Isaac Newton in 1727, he became a candidate for its presidency, but was defeated by Sir Hans Sloane. At the resignation of Sloane in 1741 Folkes became president and held the office until 1753, when he resigned due to ill health. He was elected a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris in 1746, and in the same year received Doctor of Laws degrees from both Oxford and Cambridge. In 1750 he was elected president of the Society of Antiquaries, holding that position until his death. It seems that he was induced to take a part in Freemasonry through his association with Sir Christopher Wren, q.v., and Dr. Desaguliers, q.v. Few records remain of his Masonic life. In 1725 he was appointed deputy grand master of the Grand Lodge of England, serving under the Duke of Richmond. He is recorded as having given considerable attention to his duties, and presided over the grand lodge in May of that year. He is supposed to have given an address at that meeting which was preserved as the "Folkes M.S." but since lost. He visited Italy and is said to have established a lodge named Fabius Maximus in Rome. In 1742 the Freemasons of that country struck a medal in his honor with Masonic symbols on one side and his likeness on the obverse. d. June 28, 1754.

A. J. Folley Former Justice, Supreme Court of Texas. b. Nov. 28, 1896 at Oletha, Texas. Graduate of Baylor U. in 1921 and 1925. He first taught in Frederick, Okla., and in 1923, was a teacher in Baylor U. Admitted to bar in 1925, he practiced in Floydada, serving as district attorney, district judge, and associate justiceof court of civil appeals. Now in private practice in Amarillo. Received his degrees in Mart Lodge No. 636, Mart, Texas in 1918 and holds dual membership in Floydada Lodge No. 712 and Amarillo Lodge No. 731, being past master of the latter and past district deputy grand master of the 96th dist. He is also a member of the chapter and council at Floydada.

Frederick V. Follmer U.S. District Judge for Eastern, Middle and Western Districts of Pennsylvania since 1946. b. Dec. 13, 1885 at Milton, Pa. Graduate of Bucknell U. and Harvard. Admitted to bar in 1910, he practiced at Milton and later served as district attorney and U.S. attorney. Member and past master of Milton Lodge No. 256, Milton, Pa.; 32° AASR (NJ) at Williamsport, Pa.

James E. Folsom Governor of Alabama since 1947. b. Oct. 9, 1908 in Coffee Co., Ala. He was a district agent of Emergency & Aid Insurance Co. at Elba, Ala., from 1937-40 and became state manager for same in 1940. He is a member of Marshall Lodge No. 209 at Guntersville and belongs to the chapter and commandery at Birmingham. In 1956 he extended his greetings to the Grand Lodge of Alabama at their annual communication. Shriner.

Jellis A. Fonda Revolutionary War officer. Sometimes referred to as "Jules" or "Jelles." He was a major in Col. Willett's New York Regiment. Originally initiated in St. Patrick's Lodge No. 8 at Johnstown. This lodge became famous when the Revolution split its membership between the colonies and the crown. Such famous members as Sir William Johnson, q.v., Sir John Johnson, q.v., Col. Guy Johnson, q.v., and Col. John Butler, q.v., were British leaders while others such as Gen. Nicholas Herkimer, q.v., and Rev. Samuel Kirkland, q.v., fought with the colonies. Fonda later

60 Benson Ford became a member of St. George's Lodge No. 1 at Schenectady and served as master in 1797, 1799-1803 and in 1805.

Marquis Louis de Fontanes (17571821) French writer and statesman. b. March 6, 1757 at Niort, France. He was president of the Corps Legislatif in 1804, having been a member from 1802. In 1810 he was a senator under Napoleon I, q.v. He was also a member of the privy council and was created a marquis and a peer by Louis XVIII. He was a member of the famous Lodge of the Nine Sisters at Paris, his name appearing on the lists of members between 1783 and 1806. d. March 17, 1821.

Percy W. Foote Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy. b. Aug. 13, 1879 at Roaring River, N.Car. Graduated from U.S. Naval Academy in 1901 and served through the grades to that of rear admiral in 1936, when he was retired. He was recalled to active duty in May, 1942 as inspector of Naval material at Houston, Texas. He was again retired in 1945. He commanded the U.S.S. President Lincoln when it was sunk in an engagement with the German submarine U-90 in 1918, and was in command of forces from the U.S.S. Baltimore during the Chinese uprising of 1905. From 1937-39 he was commander of the Pennsylvania motor police. Former member of Harmony Lodge No. 17, Washington, D.C., now dimitted.

Joseph B. Foraker (1846-1917) U.S. Senator from Ohio, 1897-1909 and Governor of Ohio, 1885-89. b. July 5, 1846 near Rainsboro, Ohio. He graduated from Cornell in 1869 after he had served in the Civil War with the 89th Ohio Infantry from 1862 to the end of the war. He was admitted to the bar and began practice at Cincinnati in 1869. He served as judge of the superior court of Cincinnati. Runningfor governor four times, he was twice elected and twice defeated. A delegate to eight national Republican conventions, he presented the name of William McKinley for nomination in 1896 and 1900. He became a member of Walnut Hills Lodge No. 483 of Cincinnati on May 19, 1885 and was also a member of Walnut Hills Chapter No. 151, R.A.M., Cincinnati Cornmandery No. 3, K.T. and Al Koran Shrine Temple of Cincinnati. d. May 10, 1917.

Aaron L. Ford U.S. Congressman, 74th to 77th Congresses (1935-43) from 4th Miss. dist. b. Dec. 21, 1903 at Potts Camp, Miss. Graduate of Cumberland U. Admitted to bar in 1927. From 1943-45 he acted as special attorney for special committee of House of Representatives to investigate acts of bureaus exceeding their authority. Vice president of Burma-Cola Co. and Bantam Beverages, Inc. Former member of Ackerman Lodge No. 1191, Ackerman, Miss. Dates of degrees—Nov. 15, Dec. 6, 1928, Jan. 8, 1929; dimitted Jan. 5, 1954.

Benson Ford Vice president of Ford Motor Co. and general manager of Lincoln-Mercury division as well as vice president and group director of Mercury and special products division of Ford Motor Co. b. July 20, 1919 at Detroit, grandson of Henry Ford, q.v., founder and long-time president of the company. He was educated in the Detroit U. school, Hotchkiss school and Princeton U. From 1940-41 he was assistant purchasing agent for Ford Motor Co. and assistant superintendent, 1941-42. He is a director of the company. He is a member and trustee of The Ford Foundation and trustee and president of the Henry Ford Hospital at Detroit. Served in WWII as a captain in

61 Henry Ford the Air Force. Both Benson and his brother William, q.v., were raised in Corinthian Lodge No. 241 of Detroit on May 1, 1950. On April 28, only a few days earlier, Benson had addressed 1600 Scottish Rite Masons in the Detroit temple on "A Practical Approach to Brotherhood." He is a 32° AASR (NJ).

Henry Ford (1863-1947) Automobile manufacturer and philanthropist. b. July 30, 1863 in Wayne Co., Mich. His inventive genius helped change the methods of transportation of the world. Early in life he learned the machinist's trade and was chief engineer for Edison Illuminating Co. In 1903 he organized the Ford Motor Co. and built it into the largest automobile company in the world. In 1914 he made the unprecedented announcement that the company would institute a profit-sharing plan involving the distribution of 10 to 30 million dollars annually to employees. In 1915 he chartered a ship at his own expense to conduct a party to Europe with the object of organizing a conference of peacemakers to influence the belligerent governments to end the war. He returned home after reaching Christiania, Norway, but other members of his party proceeded to Stockholm, Copenhagen and through Germany to The Hague. In 1918 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the U.S. Senate. He was raised in Palestine Lodge No. 357, Detroit, Mich. on Nov. 28, 1894. The degree team was composed of men in overalls with whom he worked at the Edison company. He continued a staunch member of this lodge for almost 53 years. On March 7, 1935 he was made a life member of his lodge and presented with a testimonial plaque commemorating his 75th birthday. Ford made many visitations to lodges near his summer home at Traverse City and his winter residence in Georgia. He also made several visits to Zion

Lodge which his brother-in-law, William R. Bryant, served as master in 1932. On Nov. 21, 1928 he was made an honorary member of Zion Lodge No. 1 (Michigan's oldest lodge). When he received the 33° AASR (NJ) in Sept., 1940, he stated: "Masonry is the best balance wheel the United States has, for Masons know what to teach their children." Henry's only son, Edsel, was not a Mason, but two of his grandsons, Benson and William q.v., are. The third grandson, Henry II, became a Roman Catholic. d. April 7, 1947.

Hiram C. Ford U.S. District Judge, Eastern District of Kentucky since March, 1935. b. July 28, 1884 in Scott Co., Ky. Graduate of Georgetown Coll. (Ky.) and Transylvania Coil. of Law. Admitted to bar in 1907 and practiced in Georgetown. He served as county attorney and district judge of 14th state district. Member of Mt. Vernon Lodge No. 14, Georgetown, Ky., since 1915 and past master of same.

Samuel C. Ford Governor of Montana, 1940-48 (two terms). b. Nov. 7, 1882 in Albany, Ky. Began law practice in Helena, Mont. in 1906 and served as the first assistant U.S. Attorney for Montana from 1908-14. He was attorney general of the state from 1917-21 and associate justice of the supreme court from 1929-33. Since that date he has been in private practice. He was raised in Tyrian Lodge No. 246, Garden City, Kans. in 1905 and later affiliated with Helena Lodge No. 3, Helena, Mont. Member of Helena Chapter No. 2, R.A.M.; Helena Council No. 1, R. & SM.; and Helena Commandery No. 2, K.T., and 32° AASR (SJ), all of Helena, Mont.

Stanley H. Ford Major General, U.S. Army. b. Jan. 30, 1877 at Columbus, Ohio. Graduate of Ohio State U. in 1898. Commissioned a lieutenant in 1898 (Infantry), he advanced through

62 Nathan B. Forrest grades to brigadier general in 1930 and later to major general. Served in Cuba during Spanish-American War, and in China from 1914-17. Was chief of staff of the 27th Division throughout its operations in Belgium and France in 1918, and was assistant chief of staff in Washington from 1927-30. He received the 2nd and 3rd degrees in George W. Lininger Lodge No. 268 at Omaha, Nebr. by special dispensation of the grand master. Five past grand masters were present for the occasion.

William C. Ford Vice President of Lincoln and Continental divisions of the Ford Motor Co. b. March 14, 1925 at Detroit, he is the grandson of Henry Ford, q.v., the founder of the Ford automotive empire. Graduated from Yale in 1948. He began with the company in 1942 as a laboratory technician, later in labor relations and quality control. He has been a director since 1948 and is president of the Edison Institute and Edsel B. Ford Institute for Medical Research. He is a trustee of the Thomas A. Edison Foundation and Henry Ford Hospital. He was raised in Corinthian Lodge No. 241, Detroit, Mich. on May 1, 1950 at the same time as his brother Benson, q.v. A 32° AASR (NJ) and Knight Templar.

Edwin Forrest (1806-1872) American tragedian. b. March 9, 1806 in Philadelphia, Pa. His first New York success was at Park Theatre as Othello on June 23, 1826, although he had played in small stock companies in the rural areas previous to this. He appeared in London's Drury Lane Theatre as Spartacus in 1834. After years of success, he began a feud with the actor, Macready, over an imagined insult. As a result a mob attacked the Astor Place Opera House in London on May 10, 1849, where Macready was appearing and attempted to wreck the building. When the militia fired on them, 22 personswere killed and 36 wounded. From that time on he was given to brooding and melancholy, although during the period he appeared in some of his most successful performances. His chief roles were Lear, Coriolanus, Richard III, Virginius and Damon. He bequeathed a fortune to establish a home in Philadelphia for aged actors, but the claims of his divorced wife crippled the legacy. His lodge is not known, but in 1860 he donated $500 he received from a libel suit to the Grand Lodge of New York for the widows and orphans home of New York. d. Dec. 12, 1872.

Sir James Forrest (of Comiston) Sixty-third Grand Master Mason of Scotland in 1838. He was provost of Edinburgh.

Nathan B. Forrest (1821-1877) Lieutenant General of the Confederate Army. b. July 13, 1821 in Bedford Co., Tenn. He first farmed in Hernando, Miss. but moved to Memphis, Tenn. in 1852, and became a real estate dealer and broker in slaves. Entering the war in 1861 as a lieutenant colonel of cavalry, he distinguished himself with daring cavalry raids and was promoted to brigadier general after the attack on Murfreesboro in 1862. Following the battle at Chickamauga, he was transferred to northern Miss. and made a major general. His harassment of the Union forces by cavalry raids and his capture of Fort Pillow in April, 1864 lead to his promotion to lieutenant general in Feb., 1865. His actions at Fort Pillow, when he moved his troops to a commanding position under a flag of truce and then gave no quarter to the Negro troops, is questioned. His own report stated: "We busted the port at ninerclock and scattered the niggers. The men is still a cillanem in the woods." He was an entered apprentice in Angerona Lodge No. 168 at Memphis, Tenn. d. Oct. 29, 1877.

63 Weidman W. Forster Weidman W. Forster Editor of the Pittsburgh Press since 1950. b. Nov. 27, 1899 at Mercersburg, Pa. He did editorial work on the Ladies' Home Journal from 1916-17, and was with the Pittsburgh Leader from 1917-23. Going with the Press in 1923 he was successively reporter, financial editor, sports editor, news editor and managing editor. In WWI he served with the U.S. Navy. Mason.

James M. Forsyth (1842-1915) Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy. b. Jan. 1, 1842 in the Bahamas, B.W.I. and was brought to the U.S. in 1853. He went to sea as a sailor before the mast in 1858, when only 16 years old. Although he served throughout the Civil War and was in many engagements including the capture of Forts Clarke and Hatteras, with Farragut on the Mississippi, and Forts Sumter and Moultrie, he was not commissioned until 1868, when he won in a competitive examination. He was promoted through the grades to captain in 1899 and retired in 1901 at his own request, as a rear admiral. He was made a Mason in Peru and later affiliated with Union Lodge No. 121, Philadelphia. He was a member of Shamokin Chapter No. 264 and Shamokin Commandery No. 77, K.T. both of Shamokin, Pa. On Nov. 5, 1909 he addressed Shamokin Lodge No. 255 on "Freemasonry Abroad." d. Aug. 3, 1915.

George F. Fort (1848-1909) Masonic author. b. Nov. 20, 1848 at Absecon, N.J. He edited the Keystone, a Masonic publication at Philadelphia and wrote several Masonic books including: Early History and Antiquities of Freemasonry; A Historical Treatise on Early Builders' Marks; and Medieval Builders. He was initiated in Camden Lodge No. 15, Camden, N.J. and was a founding member and second master (1871) of Trumble Lodge No. 117 of Camden. He was a scholar with an encyclopedic mind.

He studied at Heidelburg U. and was noted for his studies of history and archeology. d. March 30, 1909.

John F. Fort (1809-1872) Governor of New Jersey, 1850-54. b. in May, 1809 in Pemberton, N.J. Graduated in medicine at the U. of Pennsylvania in 1830 and became a successful practititoner. In 1844 he was a member of the state constitutional convention, and subsequently elected to the state senate. After his service as governor, he was judge of the court of errors and appeals. He was made a Mason in Kane Lodge No. 55, Newark, N.J. on Sept. 18, 1885 and affiliated with Hope Lodge No. 124, East Orange, N.J. on July 20, 1898. He is sometimes credited with writing Early History and Antiquities of Freemasonry, but this was the work of his nephew, George F. Fort, q.v., who in turn is often mistaken as the former governor of New Jersey. d. April 22, 1872. Death date questioned.

Michael J. Fortier Vice President, Director and General Manager of Sherwin-Williams Co. (paint). b. Dec. 6, 1903 at Jeanerette, La. He began with the company in 1931 as a sales representative, later became division manager and district manager in both St. Louis and Cleveland. He was vice president and director from 1944, and vice president, director and general manager since 1945. He is also vice president and director of the following companies owned by Sherwin-Williams: Acme White Lead and Color Works; John Lucas & Co.; Rogers Paint Products; Martin-Senour; Hemingway & Co.; Texarkana Paint. Mason.

Joseph J. Foss Governor of South Dakota; U.S. Marine flying ace in WWII and holder of Congressional Medal of Honor. b. April 17, 1915 in Sioux Falls, S.Dak. He received an A.B. from the U. of South Dakota in 1940. He has been president of the Foss Motor Co. of Sioux Falls since

1953, and governor of South Dakota since 1955. He served in the lower house of the state from 1949-53. During WWII he served as a major in the U.S. Marine Corps, and as a pilot downed 26 Japanese planes, to become a national hero. He has been a brigadier general in the U.S.A.F. reserve, as well as the S.Dak. Air National Guard, since 1953. Foss was raised in Minnehaha Lodge No. 5 of Sioux Falls, June 29, 1943. He received the 32° AASR (SJ) in Los Angeles and is a member of El Riad Shrine Temple at Sioux Falls. Interested in crippled children, he is president of the South Dakota Society of Crippled Children, and in 1956 was chairman of the Easter Seal campaign for the National Society for Crippled Children and Adults.

Addison G. Foster (1837-1917) U.S. Senator from Washington, 1899-1905. b. Jan. 28, 1837 at Belchertown, Mass. He taught school in Illinois and moved to Wabasha, Minn. in 1859 where he engaged in the grain and real estate business until 1875. He then moved to St. Paul, and eventually to Tacoma, Wash. where he was in the lumber business and active in the development of coal mines and railways, retiring in 1914. He became a member of Wapahasa Lodge No. 14 at Wabasha, Minn. in 1861. When he moved to St. Paul, he affiliated with Ancient Landmark Lodge No. 5, and later with Summit Lodge No. 163 of St. Paul. d. Jan. 16, 1917.

Arthur B. Foster Justice, Supreme Court of Alabama, 1928-53 and now supernumerary justice. b. Oct. 19, 1872 at Clayton, Ala. Graduate of U. of Alabama. He practiced law at Troy, served in the house of representatives, was circuit judge, and then resumed practice in Birmingham until named to the supreme court bench. Mason.

Charles Foster (1828-1904) U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, 1891-93.b. April 12, 1828 near Tiffin, Ohio. His father was the founder of Fostoria, Ohio, said city being named for him. He became a partner in his father's general store at 18, and was in full charge the following year. He served his district in the U.S. Congress from 1871-79. He was governor of Ohio from 1880-84. President Harrison named him as chairman of a commission to negotiate a treaty with the Sioux Indians. He was long identified with the business interests of Fostoria and was a member of Fostoria Lodge No. 288. d. Jan. 9, 1904.

Ellsworth D. Foster (1869-1936) Encyclopedia editor. b. Oct. 2, 1869 at Clayton, Mich. He first taught school; was superintendent at Columa, Mich., until 1898, when he became associated with a textbook publisher. He began his Reference Library in 1907 and in 1914 became editor of The World Book. In 1931 he went to Volume Library as editor, and from 1935 was editor-in-chief of The American Educator. Member of Woodlawn Park Lodge No. 841, Chicago, Ill., receiving degrees on Sept. 25, Oct. 23 and Oct. 30, 1916. He was secretary of the lodge in 1920-21, 1923-25; dimitted Feb. 22, 1932. d. Nov. 7, 1936.

Ephraim H. Foster (1795-1854) U.S. Senator from Tennessee, 1837-39. Studied law and was admitted to the bar and practiced in Nashville. In 1829 he was speaker of the state house of representatives. He was again elected to the senate in 1843. In 1847 he was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for governor. He was a member of Cumberland Chapter No. 1, R.A.M. of Nashville. Inasmuch as the old records of the Grand Lodge of Tenn. were destroyed during the occupation of Nashville in the 1860's, it is difficult to determine exact membership dates. Foster was grand treasurer, pro tem, of the Grand Lodge of Tenn. on Oct. 2, 1820, and was elected grand treasurer at that meeting for the next

65 John Gray Foster year. In the proceedings of 1824, he is listed as a member and past grand treasurer. In the proceedings of 1820, he is listed as a past master of Cumberland Lodge No. 8, but in the records of 1825 he is not mentioned. The grand secretary of Tenn. doubts if he was actually a past master of that particular lodge, as he is not in the past master list of that lodge, published in 1951. In 1825 he was a member of Nashville Lodge No. 37 (existed from 1821-1828). The assumption of the grand secretary is that he was a member of Cumberland Lodge No. 8 in 1820 and became a charter member of Nashville Lodge No. 37 in 1821. d. Sept. 4, 1854.

John Gray Foster (1823-1874) Major General Union Army, Civil War. b. May 27, 1823 at Whitefield, N.H. Graduated from U.S. Military Academy in 1846. Served in Mexican War and was wounded severely. As a lieutenant, he was an assistant professor of engineering at West Point in 1855-57. Early participant in Civil War, he was made brigadier general in 1861, and, in quick succession, lieutenant general and major general. He was in charge of the departments of Virginia and North Carolina at one time, and of Florida at another. His submarine engineering operations in Boston and Portsmouth harbors were very successful and in 1869 he published Submarine Blasting in Boston Harbor. Said to be a Freemason by Freemason's Monthly Magazine (Boston), Oct. 1864. d. Sept. 2, 1874.

Richard C. Foster (1895-1941) President of the University of Alabama from 1937. b. July 12, 1895. A.B. and LL.D. from U. of Alabama and LL.B. from Harvard. Admitted to bar in 1919. Served as captain in Field Artillery in WWI. Mason. d. Nov. 19, 1941.

Robert Foster A captain of the Minute Men in the Revolutionary War who said "hoist the draw." He was master of Essex Lodge, Salem, Mass. Birth and death dates unknown.

Wilbur F. Foster (1834-1922) Engineer. One of the organizers of the Masonic Veterans' Association (for Civil War veterans). b. April 13, 1834 at Springfield, Mass. Past master of Cumberland Lodge No. 8, Nashville, Tenn., having been raised March 26, 1857. Member and past high priest of Cumberland Chapter No. 1, Nashville. He became grand master of the Grand Lodge of Tennessee and grand high priest of the Grand Chapter of Tennessee. d. March 26, 1922.

William B. Foster Father of Stephen Foster, the songwriter. He was a member of Hamilton Lodge No. 173 of Lawrenceville, Pa. The lodge was organized in 1819 and constituted Feb. 20, 1820 with William B. Foster, Sr. as treasurer. William B. Foster, Jr., a brother of Stephen, was initiated in 1828, but his certificate of membership was not issued until Sept. 19, 1831 at which time he was secretary of the lodge. The warrant of the lodge was vacated in 1837—for non-payment of dues. There is no record of Stephen Foster being a Freemason.

William W. Foster, Jr. (1849-1933) President of Clarke University, Atlanta, Ga., from 1912-18. b. July 27, 1849. Ordained a Methodist minister in 1873, serving churches in Vermont, New York and Mass. Retired in 1921. Trustee of Rust U., Beaver Coll. and Clark U. Mason. d. Feb. 22, 1933.

Roberto Brito Foucher Outstanding Mexican lawyer, known for his work among underprivileged children. A past grand master of the Grand Lodge, Valle de Mexico, he was featured in an article in Reader's Digest in May, 1952 entitled Doctor Ragpicker Finds the Forgotten Ones.

66 Winfred E. Fouse Royal Society in 1714 when only 23. He was vice president of the society in 1722-23, and frequently presided in the absence of Sir Isaac Newton, the president. He was elected president in 1741 and served until 1753. In 1742 he was elected a member of the French Academy, and the same year was appointed as deputy grand master of the Grand Lodge of England, being the third person to hold this office. His contemporary, the painter William Hogarth, q.v., executed two paintings of him. He was born Oct. 29, 1690 on Queen St., Lincoln's Inn Fields, which almost a century later became the headquarters of Freemasonry. As a youth he attended the U. of Saumur near Tours, France, and was there recorded as "a choice youth of penetrating genius and master of the beauties of the best Roman and Greek writers." He later entered Clare College, Cambridge and was graduated in 1717 as a Master of Arts. He was made a Mason before 1723 at which date his name appears in the list of members of Bedford Lodge, Covent Garden. He is known to have been intimately connected with the Duke of Richmond. When the duke was made grand master in 1724, he appointed Foulkes as his deputy in succession to Dr. Desaguliers, q.v. On May 11 of that year, Foulkes attended the Maid's Head Lodge at Norwich Inn and thus constituted the earliest lodge in Norfolk, which seven years later raised Francis of Lorraine, later emperor of Germany, who was on a visit to England, and who had been initiated earlier at a special lodge held at The Hague by Dr. Desaguliers.

Fernand Foureau (1850-1914) French explorer in Africa who made a special study of the Sahara region. The bulletin of the International Masonic Congress (1917) states he was a Freemason.

John B. Fournet Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Louisiana since 1949. b. July 27, 1895 at St. Martinville, La. Graduate of Louisiana State U. and admitted to bar in 1920. Practiced in St. Martinville, Baton Rouge, and Jennings. He served in the lower house of the legislature and was speaker of the same from 1928-32. In 1932-35 he was lieutenant governor of Louisiana. Named associate justice of the supreme court of Louisiana in 1934, he has been chief justice since Sept., 1949. Received his degrees in Albert Rousseau Lodge No. 301, St. Martinville, La. in 1916-17 and is past master of same; 32° AASR (SJ) at New Orleans and member of Jerusalem Shrine Temple of New Orleans.

Winfred E. Fouse Co-organizer of General Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio in 1914 and director of same since. b. Dec. 24, 1877 at Akron. Employed by B. F. Goodrich and Diamond Rubber Co. from 1902-05, he was credit manager for Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., 1905-09. Organized the Western Rubber & Supply Co. in Kansas City in 1909 with W. O'Neil and the General Tire Co. at Akron in 1914. Received his degrees in Gate City Lodge No. 522, Kansas City, Mo. on April 23, May 4 and May 21, 1910; admitted to Akron Lodge No. 83, Akron, Ohio, March 7, 1916. Exalted in Orient Chapter No. 102, Kansas City on April 13, 1912 and admitted to Washington Chapter No. 25, R.A.M. of Akron on March 10, 1916. Greeted in Akron Council No. 80, R. & S.M. on Nov. 22, 1946. Knighted in Oriental Commandery No. 35, K.T. Kansas City, Mo. on Dec. 21, 1912 and admitted to Akron Commandery No. 25 March 10, 1916; 32° AASR (NJ) at Canton, Ohio on April 13, 1934 and 33° Sept. 29, 1943. Joined Ararat Shrine Temple, Kansas City, March 21, 1913 and was a charter member of Tadmore Temple of Akron, being potentate of same in 1934.

67 Daniel G. Fowle Daniel G. Fowle (1831-1891) Governor of North Carolina, 1889-91. b. March 3, 1831 at Washington, N.Car. There is no record of his membership prior to 1864, when he was first listed as a member of Hiram Lodge No. 40, Raleigh, N.Car. On Jan. 13, 1891, while governor, he invited the members of the grand lodge to attend an informal reception at the executive mansion that evening. He was a member of Raleigh Chapter No. 10, R.A.M. receiving the degrees on Nov. 12, 1864; Jan. 27-28, 1865. d. April 7, 1891 and his funeral was conducted by Hiram Lodge No. 40, assisted by members of William G. Hill Lodge No. 218 on April 9.

Henry Fowle (1766-1837) Masonic ritualist and lecturer who was one of the organizers of the Grand Encampment, K.T. b. Sept. 1, 1766 at Medford, Mass. He was a pump and block maker. Initiated in Lodge of St. Andrew at Boston on April 10, 1793; he was first master of Mount Lebanon Lodge, Boston from 1801-03 and 1805. He returned to his mother lodge in 1805 and served it as master from 1810-17. In 1807-09 he was senior grand warden of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts. He was the leading spirit in making several important changes in the ritual which were approved by his grand lodge and almost universally adopted by other states. He became a member of Saint Andrew's Royal Arch Chapter on Feb. 18, 1795 and served as high priest in 1804-08. He became deputy grand high priest of Mass. and was active in the General Grand Chapter. He received the Knight Templar degree in St. Andrew's Chapter on Jan. 28, 1795 and rose to deputy grand master of the Grand Encampment, U.S.A. in 1819. d. March 10, 1837.

Charles H. Fowler (1837-1908) Methodist Episcopal Bishop. b. Aug. 11, 1837 in Burford, Ont., Canada. He was educated in Genesee Coll. and Garrett Biblical Institute; studied law in Chicago, but never practiced. He was a pastor for 11 years in Chicago, and president of Northwestern U. from 1872-76. In 1876 he was appointed by the governor of Ill. to deliver an oration at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, and in that same year became editor of the New York Christian Advocate. He was elected bishop in 1884; visited South America in 1885; visited Japan, Korea and China in 1888. He organized Peking U. and Nanking U. in Central China and also, the first Methodist church in St. Petersburg, Russia. Returning to the U.S. after a trip around the world, visiting missions, he worked eight years on the Pacific coast and then established Maclay Coll. of Theology in Southern Calif. and assisted in founding Nebraska Wesleyan U. at Lincoln. He received his first degree in Vitruvius Lodge No. 81 at Wheeling, Ill., in 1862 and soon after moved to Minn. Jurisdiction was waived and he was raised in Minneapolis Lodge No. 19, Minneapolis, Minn. on Jan. 15, 1896. He was a member of Zion Commandery No. 2, K.T. of Minneapolis. When the Fowler Cathedral Church, bearing his name, was erected in Minneapolis, the commandery placed in the front of the church a rose window, 18 feet in diameter, with Knights Templar emblems in its design, as a tribute to him. In 1904 Bishop Fowler was grand chaplain of the Grand Lodge of New York and grand chaplain emeritus until his death on March 19, 1908 in New York City.

Edward B. Fowler (?-1896) Union Brigadier General of Civil War. Served with the 84th N.Y. Infantry, first as a lieutenant colonel, promoted to colonel on Dec. 9, 1862, and to brigadier general on March 13, 1865 for gallant and meritorious service. Mustered out June 6, 1864. Member of Lexington Lodge No. 310, Brook-

68 James Emory Foxx lyn, N.Y., receiving degrees on Oct. 23, Oct. 30 and Nov. 20, 1865 at the age of 30. d. Jan. 16, 1896.

H. Robert Fowler (?-1925) U.S. Congressman, 62nd and 63rd Congresses (1911-15) from 24th Ill. Dist. b. in Pope Co., Ill. Practiced law in Elizabethtown, Ill. Served in both legislative branches of the state and was state's attorney in Hardin Co. Received degrees in Eddyville Lodge No. 672, Eddyville, Ill., being raised July 20, 1878; dimitted Dec. 6, 1884 and on May 14, 1892; affiliated with Elizabeth Lodge No. 276, Elizabethtown, Ill.; suspended Aug. 4, 1898; reinstated Sept. 5, 1901; served as a lodge officer from 1903 until master in 1907. d. Jan. 5, 1925.

George L. Fox (1900-1943) Methodist minister who was one of the "four immortal chaplains" who gave up their lifebelts to others when the U.S.S. Dorchester was torpedoed in the North Atlantic on Feb. 23, 1943. b. March 15, 1900, he served in WWI as a first aid man in Ambulance Co. No. 1, 2nd Division and won the Silver Star, Croix de Guerre with palms, Victory Medal with 6 battle bars and Purple Heart. He became a Methodist minister and was serving the Community Church of Gilman, Vt. in 1942 when he entered the Chaplain's Corps. He was a member of Moose River Lodge No. 82, Concord, Vt. He and the three other chaplains, who gave up their life belts to enlisted men and went down with the ship, were posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.

Herbert H. H. Fox (1871-1943) Protestant Episcopal Bishop. b. March 11, 1871 in Montclair, N.J. A deacon and priest in 1900, he first served a New York missionary district and then churches at Lockport, N.Y., Pontiac, Mich., and Detroit, Mich. and was consecrated suffragan bishop of Montana in November, 1920. He was elect-ed co-adjutor bishop in May, 1925 and retired in 1939. Member of Ashlar Lodge No. 29; Billings Chapter No. 6, R.A.M.; Aldemar Commandery No. 5, K.T., all of Billings, Mont. He was grand prelate of the Grand Commandery of Montana from 1938-43. d. Nov. 24, 1943.

Philip Fox (1878-1944) Astronomer and director of Adler Planetarium and Museum of Science and Industry at Chicago. b. March 7, 1878 at Manhattan, Kans. Graduate of Kansas State Coll., Dartmouth, and student at U. of Berlin. Taught math and physics from 1899-1903 when he became a Carnegie research assistant at Yerkes Observatory, U. of Chicago and later a professor of astro-physics at that school. From 1909-29 he was professor of astronomy and director of the Dearborn Observatory at Northwestern U. He was director of the Adler Planetarium from 1929-37 and director of the Museum of Science and Industry from 1937-40. He served as a lieutenant in the Philippine Insurrection of 1898-99 with the 20th Kans. Infantry and in WWI was an Infantry major with the 7th Division. He entered WWII as a colonel and served until his death on July 21, 1944. Mason.

James Emory Foxx Named member of the Baseball Hall of Fame at Cooperstown, N.Y. in 1951. b. Oct. 22, 1907 at Sudlersville, Md. He played first and third bases and also was a catcher. He was noted for his batting —particularly as a home run hitter. He collected 534 home runs in 2,317 games and had a life-time batting average of .325. In three world series he compiled a mark of .344 and in seven all-star games batted .316. Playing from 1925-45, he was with the Philadelphia American League from 1925-35; Boston American League, 1936-42; Chicago National League, 1942-44 and Philadelphia National League in 1945. His nickname was

69 Joseph I. France "Beast." He received his degrees in George W. Bartram Lodge No. 298, Media, Pa. in 1930-31 while residing in Elkins Park, Philadelphia. He visited the lodge only once following his degrees and allowed himself to become suspended NPD on Dec. 9, 1946.

Joseph I. France (1873-1939) U.S. Senator from Maryland, 1917-23. b. Oct. 11, 1873. Graduate of Hamilton Coll. (N.Y.) and received M.D. degree from College of Physicians and Surgeons at Baltimore in 1903. He practiced medicine in Baltimore. He served in the Maryland senate from 1905-09. In 1931 he was a candidate against Herbert Hoover for the Republican presidential nomination. Member of Landmark Lodge No. 127, Baltimore, Md. He received his degrees on Dec. 27, 1922, Feb. 28 and March 14, 1923. d. Jan. 26, 1939.

Francis I (1708-1765) Holy Roman Emperor from 1745-1765. b. Dec. 8, 1708 at Nancy, France, the second son of Leopold Joseph Charles, "The Good," Duke of Lorraine. Francis Stephen succeeded his father to the duchy of Lorraine as Francis III in 1729. In 1737 he ceded it to Leszczynski, king of Poland. In 1736 he married Maria Theresa of Austria, q.v., with whom he was co-regent of Austria from 1740-45. At one time his wife issued an edict against Freemasonry. He was chosen emperor in 1745. He did not concern himself much with the wars of Frederick II, q.v., against his wife, nor the Seven Years' War. After his death, his wife associated her son, Joseph II, q.v., with her as ruler. Their daughter was the ill-fated Marie Antoinette. Francis received the first two degrees at a special lodge in The Hague in 1731, and in the same year was raised in an occasional lodge held a Houghton Hall, Norfolk, England, by the grand master, Lord Lovel. The event is mentioned in Anderson's Book of Constitutions. As grand duke, he refused to permit the promulgationof Pope Clement's Bull, q.v., against Freemasonry in Austria. He protected Freemasonry as far as he could during his reign, and was grand master when he died Aug. 18, 1765.

Francis II (1768-1835) Last Holy Roman Emperor, 1792-1806: When he was forced to abdicate in 1806 he became Francis .I, emperor of Austria, until his death in 1835. Son of Leopold II, q.v., he followed his father's course in suppressing Freemasonry. When he ascended the throne, he requested all the German princes under him to extirpate all secret societies, by whatever name they might be called. He insisted that any person officially employed should swear that he was not then, and would never become, a member of secret societies, Freemasons, Rosicrucians, Illuminati, or whatever name they might bear. He closed the lodges in 1789, and in 1794 proposed the suppression of Freemasonry to the Diet of Ratisbon. The diet, however, controlled by the influence of Prussia, Brunswick and Hanover, in which Freemasonry was strong, refused the proposition. In 1801 he renewed his opposition to secret societies, especially the Masonic group. Although he fought against Napoleon, q.v., in four wars, his daughter, Maria Louisa, married the French emperor (and Mason) in 1810.

David R. Francis (1850-1927) Governor of Missouri, Secretary of the Interior, Ambassador to Russia. b. Oct. 1, 1850 at Richmond, Ky. He moved to St. Louis with his parents in 1866 and graduated from Washington U. in 1870, and U. of Missouri in 1892. He went into the grain commission business and headed his own firm. He was president of the Merchant's Exchange and mayor of St. Louis from 1885-89. From 1889-93 he was governor of Missouri, and in 1896-97

70 Francisco Franco was secretary of the Interior in Cleveland's cabinet. In 1904 he was president of the Louisiana Purchase Centennial Exposition in St. Louis (World's Fair) and U.S. ambassador to Russia during WWI. He was a friend of public education and during his governorship, he increased the endowment of the state university. When the main building of the university at Columbia burned in 1892, he called a special session of legislature and personally visited Columbia to check a threatened exodus of students. He received his degrees in Nov.-Dec., 1891 in George Washington Lodge No. 9 of St. Louis and his capitular degrees in Oriental Chapter No. 78, R.A.M. on Feb. 5, 1892. He was knighted in Ascalon Commandery No. 16, K.T. on April 2, 1892 and was elected as its commander from the floor in 1893. He led his cornmandery in the official triennial parade in Denver, Colo., that year while governor of Mo. He withdrew from all bodies for political reasons. The dates of withdrawal are interesting for he first withdrew from his lodge. The dates of withdrawal are: lodge, June 14, 1898; chapter Nov. 17, 1898 and commandery Sept. 16, 1899. d. Jan. 15, 1927.

John B. Francisco (1863-1931) Artist and violinist. b. Dec. 14, 1863 at Cincinnati, 0. Studied painting and violin abroad. He settled in Los Angeles in 1887 and conducted an art school until 1901. He was a painter of figures and landscapes, especially of Calif. mountain scenes. Mason. d. Jan. 8, 1931.

Henry A. Francken (1720?-1795) The first deputy grand inspector general in the United States of the Scottish Rite and first propagator of these advanced degrees in America. Probably born in Holland, but came to Jamaica in 1754, where he became a naturalized British subject in March, 1758, and rose to considerable prom-inence in the island. He occupied the posts of appraiser, marshal and sergeant-at-arms in the court of the vice-admiralty. Henry Moore, the lieutenant governor of Jamaica (and later governor of N.Y.), appointed Franck-en as interpreter of English and Dutch languages in the court. With the governor's permission, he came to New York in 1767 and founded the Sublime and Ineffable Lodge at Albany, creating several deputy inspectors general. The minutes of the Albany lodge state: "About the 7th October, 1767 Messrs. Pfister & Gamble were introduced at New York, to Mr. Henry Andrew Francken, who a day or two after, by Authority invested in him, initiated them in the 11 Degrees of Ancient Masonry, from the Secret Master being the 4th to the Perfection, which is the 14th and Known to be the utmost Limits of Symbolik Masonry. About a week after the above date Mr. Francken conferred on them the two first degrees of Modern Masonry or Masonry Revived, and proposed to them that if they chose he would erect a Lodge of Perfection at Albany and appoint William Bamble Master thereof (pro tempore) until Sir William Johnson, q.v., should have the refusal of it." Francken's next act was to establish a grand chapter of Sublime Princes of the Royal Secret at Kingston, Jamaica under warrant from Stephen Morin, q.v. This was done on April 30, 1770. After his return to Jamaica, he lived on government sinecure and became commissioner of the supreme court at Kingston. d. May 20, 1795.

Francisco Franco Spanish Generalissimo and dictator of Spain since 1939. Anti-Mason. Full name is Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teodulo Franco-Bahamonde. He served in the army in Morocco and was appointed chief of staff of Spanish army in 1935. At outbreak of the revolution, he organized the transport of foreign le-

71 Nicolas Louis Francois gionnaires and Moorish troops in Spain and became commander of the insurgents. He received aid from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, and indirectly from Great Britain and the U.S. through their "nonintervention" policy, thus enabling him to buy war supplies, whereas the constitutional government could not. In 1941 he signed a concordat with the Vatican which empowered him to designate Spanish bishops, subject to ratification by the Holy See. This unholy alliance was the beginning of a modern inquisition and since that date Freemasons have been persecuted, imprisoned, and executed in Spain. Franco holds that Freemasonry is as subversive as Communism—if not more so. After winning the civil war, one of his first acts was to set up a special tribunal for the "Repression of Masonry and Communism." It is a secret court and no reports of its activities appear in print.

Nicolas Louis Francois (1750-1828) French statesman and man of letters. Was called Francois de Neufchateau. He was minister of interior in 1797, member of the directory from 179798, president of the senate from 180406 and created a comte under the Empire. His works include the comedy Pamela ou la Vertu Recompensee and Fables en Contes en Vers. He was a member of the famous Lodge of the Nine Sisters in Paris and together with Comte Lacepede revived the lodge. He was on the membership list in 1783, 1784 and 1806. d. Jan. 10, 1828.

Christian J. Frank Movie actor who appeared in more than 200 pictures. He was raised in Reagan Lodge No. 1037, Houston, Texas, and was a member of the "233 Club" degree team and took the part of a deacon. This Masonic club was made up of Freemasons in the movies.

Selby H. Frank Brigadier General, U.S. Army. b. Aug. 15, 1891 at Louis-ville, Ky. Graduate of U.S. Military Academy in 1913. Advanced through grades to brigadier general in 1945. Mason.

Walter H. Frank Major General, U.S. Air Force and business executive. b. April 23, 1886 at Humphrey, N.Y. Graduate of U.S. Military Academy in 1910. He advanced through grades to brigadier general in 1938, and major general in 1941, retiring in 1945. Assigned to the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps in WWI, he became chief of staff of the Air Force in 1938. Later a wing commander. In 1941-42 he was commanding general of the Third Air Force, and in 1942 commanded the Eighth Air Force Service Command in London, Eng. From 1942-44 he commanded the Army Air Forces Air Service Command and was a member of the Pearl Harbor Board in 1944. Since 1946 he has been president of Sears & Roebuck, S.A. Comercio e Indsl. and in charge of that companys' foreign expansion. Mason.

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) American statesman, scientist, philosopher and author. b. Jan. 17, 1706 in Boston, Mass. Apprenticed to his brother, James, a printer, when only 12, he left him five years later after disagreements, and settled in Philadelphia. First employed as a printer, he became proprietor of a printing business and published The Pennsylvania Gazette, 1730-48 and gained wide recognition with his Poor Richard's Almanack, 1732-57. In 1727 he organized the "Junto" club which became the American Philosophical Society, and in 1731 laid the foundations for a library which developed into the Philadelphia Public Library. He was instrumental in improving the lighting of city streets, invented a heating stove about 1744 (which is still being made), and, becoming interested in electricity, tried his famous kite experiments in 1752. In 1748 he sold his

72 Jesse Franklin business to the foreman and retired to devote himself to public life. In 1754 he was Pennsylvania's delegate to the Albany Congress and from 1757-62 was in England representing Pa. in efforts to enforce taxes on proprietary estates. In 1766 he was called before the English House of Commons to explain colonial opposition to the Stamp Tax. He returned to Philadelphia when war became inevitable in 1775. He was a member of the second Continental Congress of 1775 and was on the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence, being one of its signers. In 1776 he was sent as one of a committee of three to negotiate a treaty with France. He became immensely popular during his stay which lasted until 1785, during which time he was U.S. minister. In 1781 he was named with Jay and Adams to negotiate peace with Great Britain and returned to Philadelphia in Sept. 1785. From 1785-87 he was president of the Pa. executive council. In 1727 he organized the "Leathern Apron Club" as a secret society in Philadelphia (non-Masonic); and on Dec. 8, 1730 printed an article in his paper pretending to reveal Masonic mysteries. Two months later (Feb., 1731) he received his degrees in St. John's Lodge of Philadelphia and became active in its work from the very beginning. He was secretary of the lodge from 1735-38; elected junior grand warden of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania on June 24, 1732 and the grand master on June 24, 1734. He was appointed provincial grand master (first native born) by Thomas Oxnard, q.v., of Boston on June 10, 1749. He was deposed as provincial grand master by William Allen on March 13, 1750, but immediately appointed deputy grand master. On March 12, 1752 he was named to a committee for building "the Free-Mason's Lodge" in Philadelphia and on June 24, 1755 took a prominent part in the dedication of the same as the first Masonic building in America. In 1760 he was named provincial grand master of Philadelphia. In 1734 he printed Anderson's Constitutions as Mason Book, which was the first Masonic book printed in America. In 1759 he was a visitor to Lodge Saint David at Edinburgh, Scotland and on Nov. 17, 1760 was present at the Grand Lodge of England, held at Crown & Anchor, London as "provincial grand master." An April 7, 1778 he assisted at the initiation of Voltaire, q.v., in the Lodge of the Nine Sisters in Paris, and affiliated with that lodge the same year. On Nov. 28, 1778 he officiated at the Masonic funeral services held by that lodge for Voltaire. On May 21, 1779 we find him elected master of the Lodge of Nine Sisters. He served as master for two years. On July 7, 1782 he was a member of the Respectable Lodge de Saint Jean de Jerusalem and on April 24, 1785 was elected honorary master of the same. He was also elected honorary member of the Loge des Bon Amis of Rouen, France in 1785. d. April 17, 1790.

Jesse Franklin (1760-1823) Governor and U.S. Senator from North Carolina. b. March 23, 1760 in Orange Co., Va. His father moved to N. Car. just before the Revolution in which young Jesse served as a major. He served in both the state house of delegates and senate and was a member of the U.S. congress from 1795-97 and U.S. senator from 1799-1805, and again from 1807-13. In 1816 he was appointed by the president to treat with the Chickasaw Indians, and in 1820 he was elected governor of N. Car. Franklin was made an entered apprentice at Fayetteville, N. Car. on Dec. 23, 1793. He later became a member of Liberty Lodge No. 45, Wilkes-borough, N. Car. Although the records of the lodge were lost, he was recorded a member in 1811. d. in Sept., 1823.

73 William Franklin William Franklin (1729-1813) Illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin, q.v., and the last royal governor of New Jersey under the British. b. in Philadelphia. About a year after his birth, his father, who had married on Sept. 1, 1730, took the child into his home and brought him up as a son. He served in the Pa. forces during the French war of 1744-48 and became a captain before he was of age. He was at Ticonderoga. Returning to Philadelphia, where his father had gained both wealth and prestige, he became comptroller of the general postoffice and later clerk of the provincial assembly. At this time he also entered Freemasonry (about 1751) but it is uncertain whether he was a member of his father's lodge St. John's No. 1, or the Tun Tavern Lodge. He was grand secretary of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania in 1755. He accompanied his father to London in 1757, and was there admitted to the bar the following year. He was also with his father when he visited the Grand Lodge of England on Nov. 17th at the Crown & Anchor in London, and with his father recorded on the books as "provincial grand master," he was registered as "grand secretary." It was undoubtedly through his father's influence that William was appointed royal governor of New Jersey in 1762. He was the first native-born person to receive such an appointment. Originally he had been a Whig, but as the years advanced he became a Tory and an ardent supporter of the British. His father pled with him to join the American cause, both by letter from England and in personal visits. From this point on the two went separate ways. William was eventually placed under guard and sent to England after the war where the government granted him £1,800 remuneration for his losses and £800 yearly pension. Although father and son became partially reconciled in 1784, his father bequeathed him only some land in Nova Scotia and released him from all debts that the executors might find due him stating: "The part he acted against me in the late war, which is of public notoriety, will account for my leaving him no more of an estate he endeavored to deprive me of." d. Nov. 17, 1813.

Wirt Franklin Oklahoma oil producer and one of the discoverers of the Healdton oil field in 1913. b. March 22, 1883 at Richmond, Mo. He was stenographer of the commission to the Five Civilized Tribes at Muskogee, Indian Territory from 1902-04. Admitted to the bar in 1906 and practiced at Ardmore. He is president of the Franklin Petroleum Corp. From 1929-35 he was president of the Independent Petroleum Association of America. Member of Ardmore Lodge No. 31 and past master of same. Also member of Ardmore Chapter No. 11, R.A.M.; Ardmore Council No. 11, and Ardmore Commandery No. 9, K.T. all of Ardmore, Okla. 32° AASR (S.J.) at South McAlester and member of Indian Shrine Temple of Oklahoma City, Okla.

Frank Frantz (1872-1941) Governor of Oklahoma, 1905-07. b. May 7, 1872 at Roanoke, Ill. He was with Roosevelt's Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War as a captain and participated in the Cuban campaign and the Battle of San Juan Hill. He became postmaster of Enid, Okla. in 1901 and Indian agent for the Osage Indians in 1903. After his term as governor he engaged in the real estate business and the production of oil, being president of the Roanoke Oil Co. and chairman of the board and general manager of Franko Co. Mason. d. March 9, 1941.

Alexander Fraser President of Shell Oil Corp. b. Oct. 11, 1889 at Glasgow, Scotland. Associated with the petroleum industry since 1910, and with the Shell Co. since 1929. Presi-

74 James B. Frazier dent of Shell Petroleum Corp. since 1933; president of Shell Oil Co. 193947; president of Shell Union Oil Corp. since 1947. Mason.

Duncan W. Fraser President of American Locomotive Co. 1940-45 and chairman of board since 1945. b. June 2, 1875 at Churchville, N.S., Canada. Was vice president of the company from 1920-40. Director and officer of several other large corporations. Mason.

Harry W. Fraser (1884-1950) President of Order of Railway Conductors of America from 1941. b. June 7, 1884 at Topeka, Kans. Began as a railway clerk in 1900 and was later brakeman and conductor. In 1929 he became secretary to the president of the Order of Railway Conductors, followed by the offices of chief clerk; deputy president, vice president and president. Active in Boy Scout work, he was a member of the national council in 1943. Member of National Management-Labor Policy Committee, War Manpower Commission from 1943-45. Was delegate several times to International Labor Organization. Mason, Knight Templar, 32° AASR, Shriner and High Twelve. d. May 13, 1950.

William A. Fraser (1869-1932) President of Woodmen of the World Life Ins. Assn. from 1913 and Globe Insurance Co. from 1927. b. Jan. 29, 1869 in Woodside, Scotland. Began with the Woodmen company at Dallas, Texas in 1892. Mason. d. Nov. 6, 1932.

Samuel Fraunces (1722?-1795) Revolutionary tavernkeeper and patriot. A West Indian Negro who was the keeper of "Fraunces Tavern," New York City, between 1762-65 and 1770-89. From 1789-94 he was household steward to George Washington. Member of Holland Lodge No. 8, New York City.

Everett W. Frazar (1867-1951) Inventor, business agent, and exporter. b. Aug. 17, 1867 in Shanghai, China, of American parents. He began with the Edison Phonograph Works at West Orange, N. J. in 1890, and later transferred to the laboratory of Thomas A. Edison. He went to Europe to demonsrtate an electrically propelled and operated torpedo invented by Edison and Scott, and on returning to the U.S. assisted in the development of a pneumatic dynamite gun invented by Dana Dudley. In 1896 he joined the firm of his father, Frazar & Co. in Japan. He was in charge of the engineering department and also represented Henry Ford, Baldwin Locomotive Works, Victor Talking Machine Co. and many other American manufacturers. On declaration of war on Japan in 1941, all company assets were frozen. He was senior partner of Frazar & Co., New York and partner of Frazar and Hansen, San Francisco. Mason and 33° AASR. d. Oct. 14, 1951.

Harry H. Frazee (1880-1929) Theatrical producer and owner of Boston American League Baseball Club. b. June 29, 1880 in Peoria, Ill. At age of 16 he was on the road as an advance theatrical agent. His first road production was Uncle Josh Perkins in 1902-03. From 1904-07 he launched a number of musical comedy successes. He built and operated several theaters in Chicago and New York and produced shows in London. Among his productions were Madame Sherry; Ready Money; Fine Feathers; A Pair of Sixes; Nothing but the Truth; My Lady Friends; No, No, Nanette; Yes, Yes, Yvette. d. June 4, 1929. Member of Blair Lodge No. 382, Chicago, receiving degrees on Jan. 24, Jan. 31 and Feb. 14, 1906. d. June 4, 1929.

James B. Frazier (1856-1937) Governor and U.S. Senator from Tennessee. b. Oct. 18, 1856 at Pikeville, Tenn. Graduated from U. of Tenn. in 1878 and practiced law at Chattanooga. He

75 Joseph Frazier was governor of Tennessee two terms, 1902-06, but resigned in 1905 to become U.S. senator from the term 190511. Member of McWhirtersville Lodge No. 375, Donelson, Tenn. d. March 28, 1937.

Joseph Frazier (1864-1925) Army officer. b. Dec. 8, 1864 at Rolling Home, Mo. Graduate of U. of Missouri and U.S. Military Academy. Served in the Boxer Rebellion in 1900 and is said to have been the first American to scale the Chinese Wall, July 13, 1900. He was cited for his action and received the D.S.C. He served 30 years in the Army and from 1905-09 was commandant of cadets at Missouri U. where he did more to build up the R.O.T.C. than any of his predecessors. In 1907 he took the entire corps of cadets to the Jamestown Exposition. Member of lodge, chapter and commandery at Columbia, Mo. d. March 13, 1925.

Russell G. Frazier Explorer and surgeon. b. July 5, 1893 at Fraziers Bottom, W. Va. Received medical degree from U. of Louisville in 1919 and in 1921 became mine surgeon of Utah Copper Co., Bingham Canyon, Utah, a position he has held since that time. In 1933 he headed an expedition by boat on the Green River, Utah. In 1934 he headed another expedition from Grand Canyon, Colo., to Boulder Dam. In 1936 and 1937 he was a member of historical and archaeological expeditions in Utah, and in 1938 headed the expedition which discovered the most northern American cliff dwellings near Yampa River, Colo. He was physician and surgeon with Admiral Byrd's, q.v., third U.S. Antarctic Expedition, studying climatology and physiology from 1939-41. Now retired. Raised in Canyon Lodge No. 13, Bingham Canyon, Utah in Sept., 1914. Member of Eureka Chapter No. 101, R.A.M. of Louisville, Ky.; Utah Council No. 1, R. & S.M., Salt Lake City, Utah and Utah Commandery No. 1, K.T. as well as Shrine.

J. Allen Frear, Jr. U.S. Senator from Delaware since 1949. b. March 7, 1903 at Rising Sun, Del. Graduate of U. of Delaware in 1924. An agriculturist, he has been a director of the Federal Land Bank at Baltimore since 1938. He is a member of Union Lodge No. 7, Dover, and served as grand master of the Grand Lodge of Delaware in 1948-49. He is also a member of Kent Chapter No. 8, R.A.M. of Dover, and St. John's Commandery No. 1, K.T. of Wilmington. He has served as master of the Delaware Consistory of the AASR (NJ) and was coroneted 33° in Philadelphia in 1950.

Frederick I (1754-1816) King of Wurtemberg in 1805. Full name was Frederick William Karl. From 17971804 he was Frederick II, duke of Wurtemberg. Made an elector in 1803. He protected the lodges of the rite of Strict Observance and was first master of the lodge Frederica zum Schadel in Luben, Silesia in 1778.

Frederick II (1712-1786) Known as "The Great." King of Prussia from 1740-1786. Son of King Frederick William I. When 18, he tried to escape from his father's control, but was arrested, tried as a deserter and made to believe that he would receive severe punishment, but pardoned. As the royal prince, he engaged in literary and social pursuits from 1732 until he became king in May, 1740. Shortly thereafter he began warring against Maria Theresa, q.v., over the possession of Silesia. Her husband, Francis I, q.v., had little to do in helping his wife. His alliance with England in 1765 marked the beginning of the Seven Years' War in which he displayed great military genius and perseverance in face of great odds. Prussia emerged from the war a greatly strengthened state. He joined Russia in the first partition of Poland

76 Frederick William Ill in 1772. A patron of literature, he invited Voltaire, q.v., to live at his court (1750-53). A skilled administrator of national economy, he encouraged agriculture and industrial improvements and instituted many social reforms. He took a speical interest in the improvement of the Prussian army. He was greatly interested in the American Revolution and an admirer of Washington. He wrote much, and his complete works are published in 30 volumes. He was initiated on the night of Aug. 14-15, 1738 in a special lodge called at Brunswick. The degrees started at midnight and ended at 4 a.m. Baron von Bielfeld, q.v., an intimate companion of the prince, was present at the initiation and left a written record of the proceedings. Bielfeld also states that in 1739, Frederick invited the Baron von Oberg and himself to Reinsberg where they founded a lodge into which Keyser-ling, Jordan, Moolendorf, Queis, and Fredersdorf, Frederick's valet, were admitted. Bielfeld also tells us that on June 20, 1740, shortly after he ascended the throne, Frederick held a lodge at Charlottenburg, and serving as master, initiated his brother, Henry Louis Frederick, prince of Prussia, q.v., Frederick William, q.v., duke of Holstein, and Charles, Margrave of Brandenburg. On July 16, 1774 Frederick granted his protection to the National Grand Lodge of Germany and officially approved of the treaty by that grand lodge with the Grand Lodge of England. He wrote the Lodge Royal York of Friendship in Berlin on Feb. 14, 1777 stating " . . . a society which employs itself only in sowing the seed and bringing forth the fruit of every kind of virtue in my dominions may always be assured of my protection. It is the glorious task of every sovereign, and I will never cease to fulfill it. And so I pray God to take you and your Lodge under his holy and deserved protection." It has been claimed by some that Frederick wrote and set up the Scottish Rite system of 33 degrees, but evidence indicates that it is the brain child of Stephen Morin, q.v., who in an effort to give his rite a royal background had faked Frederick's signature on the documents while in the West Indies.

Frederick William III (1770-1840) King of Prussia. Not to be confused with William Frederick III (18311888) who was emperor of Germany and his grandson, q.v. He was the son of King William Frederick II, q.v., and father of William I, q.v. Although he was not a Freemason, his father, son and grandson were. He was king of Prussia from 1797-1840. Shortly after ascending the throne, he wrote on Dec. 29, 1797 the following to the Lodge Royal York of Friendship at Berlin: "I have never been initiated, as every one knows, but I am far from conceiving the slightest distrust of the intentions of the members of the Lodge. I believe that its design is noble, and founded on the cultivation of virtue; that its methods are legitimate, and that every political tendency is banished from its operations. Hence, I shall take pleasure in manifesting on all occasions my good-will and my affection to the Lodge Royal York of Friendship, as well as to every other Lodge in my dominions." He wrote three months later to Fessler, q.v., in a similar friendly tone, and when he issued an edict on Oct. 20, 1798 that forbade secret societies, he made a special exemption in favor of the Masonic lodges. He took part in the French campaigns of 1792-94. Napoleon completely subjugated him in 1801-05, and at the insistence of the queen, he opposed the French resulting in disastrous defeats at Jena and Auerstedt in 1806. The kingdom was then dismembered by treaty of Tilsit. The army was reorganized and finally the victory at Leipzig in 1813 liberated Germany. This was followed by Na-

77 Frederick III poleon's defeat at Waterloo and Prussia was reestablished in 1814.

Frederick III (1831-1888) Emperor of Germany for three months (March 9 to June 15, 1888). Son of William I, q.v., and grandson of William Frederick III, q.v. As Frederick William, he was crown prince of Prussia from 1861-88. Educated in Bonn, he engaged in military duties and travel from 1851-58, marrying Victoria Adelaide Mary Louise, the eldest daughter of Queen Victoria, in the latter year. He was strongly opposed to Bismarck's policies for strengthening Prussia, and to the war with Austria in 1866, but took part in the war as a division commander and secured the victory at Koninggratz. He was in command of the armies of the southern states in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, and took part in the battles of Worth, Sedan, and in the siege of Paris. He was a patron of literature and science. He developed cancer of the throat in the year before he became emperor, and his illness proved fatal in the third month of his reign. He was initiated Nov. 5, 1853 by his father in the royal palace at Berlin. The grand officers of the three Berlin grand lodges had been called together for the occasion and the degrees were given according to the ritual of the Grosse Landesloge. He became grand master of the National Grand Lodge of Germany in 1860.

Frederick VII (1808-1863) King of Denmark from 1848-63. He was the son of Christian VIII, q.v., and his predecessors since Christian VII (1766) were probably Freemasons. He was initiated in the lodge "Mary at the Three Hearts" in Odense. When he ascended the throne he became grand master of the Grand Lodge of Denmark. In 1855 he adapted the Swedish system to the Danish lodges. His father, Christian VIII, was protector of Freemasonry from 1836-1848. He promulgated a new constitution in1849 which deprived him of absolute power. During much of his reign he was involved in disputes with Germany and Austria over the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. He died childless as the last of the Oldenburg line.

Frederick VIII (1843-1912) King of Denmark, 1906-12. He was the son of Christian IX, q.v., whom he succeeded as king, and father of Haakon VII, q.v., King of Norway and of Christian X, who followed him on the Danish throne. He was made a past grand master of the Grand Lodge of England in 1897, while crown prince of Denmark, and was grand master of the Grand Lodge of Denmark from 1872 until May 14, 1912, when succeeded by his son Christian X. As many other of the rulers of Denmark, he carried the title Vicarius Salomonis, which means protector of the order. (Literally, "Vicar of Solomon.") Frederick Adolf (1750-1803) Duke of Ostogothland (Sweden). The third son of King Adolf Frederick, q.v., who reigned from 1751-71 as the first of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty. In 1777 he was a member of the "high chapter" and was received in Turin in the German system of Strict Observance. In 1779 he was master of the military lodge in Stockholm.

Frederick Albert, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt (1705-1762) Initiated in Charlottenburg in 1740, he was master of the Scottish lodge "Union" of Berlin in 1742. In 1761 he was elected master of the Scottish lodge "Harmony.”

Augustus Frederick (1773-1843) (See Duke of Sussex.) Frederick Augustus (1740-1805) (See Prince of Brunswick.) Frederick Augustus, Duke of York (1763-1827) The title "duke of York" is frequently conferred by the British

78 Frederick Ludwig Alexander sovereign on his second son. Frederick was the second son of George III, and brother of George IV, q.v. He was initiated Nov. 21, 1787 in Britannic Lodge No. 29 (now 33) at a special lodge held at the Star and Garter Tavern, London. The lodge was called by the duke of Cumberland, q.v., who was his uncle and grand master of the grand lodge. He was sponsored by his brother, George III, who was Prince of Wales at that time. He succeeded his brother as master of the Prince of Wales Lodge in 1820.

Frederick Christian ( ?-1769) Mar-grave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth. An uncle of Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, and succeeded him. He patronized the lodge in Bayreuth.

Frederick, Duke of Saxony-Hildburghausen (1763-?) Was duke of Saxony from 1780-1826. He was initiated in the lodge Karl zum Rautenkranz at Hildburghausen in 1789. The lodge had been constituted in 1787 by the Grand Lodge of England and became one of the five independent lodges of Germany.

Frederick Eugen (1732-?) Duke of Wurtemberg from 1795-97. He was the author of several Masonic lectures printed in 1784-85.

Frederick Heinrich Eugen (17581822) Prince of Wurtemberg. A lieutenant general in the Prussian Army, he was initiated in a military lodge and became an honorary member of two lodges in Stargard.

Henry Frederick (See H.R.H. the Duke of Cumberland.) Henry Frederick (1709-1788) Mar-grave of Brandenburg-Schwedt. Admitted in the Grand Lodge of The Three Globes in Berlin.

Henry Louis Frederick Prince of Prussia and brother of Frederick the Great, q.v. He was initiated by hisbrother, who served as master of a special lodge held in Charlottenburg on June 20, 1740.

Frederick, King of Sweden (See under Adolf Frederick.) Louis Frederick, Prince of Wales (1707-1751) Eldest son of King George II and Queen Caroline. Father of George III. b. in Hanover, Germany, he was the first royal member of the house of Hanover to become a Mason. He was initiated in a special lodge at Kew Palace by Dr. John T. Desaguliers, q.v., on Nov. 5, 1737. Three of his sons became Freemasons—the dukes of York, Gloucester and Cumberland, q.v. He was bitter against his father for vetoing his marriage to Wilhelmina, princess royal of Prussia, and also for refusing him an adequate allowance. For this reason, he either wrote or inspired the Histoire du Prince Titi in 1735, which was a caricature of his parents. His father refused him permission to command a British army against the Jacobites in 1745. He died as a result of a blow from a cricket ball. His son, William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburg, q.v., and grandson, William Frederick, Prince of Gloucester, q.v. were Freemasons.

Frederick Ludwig ( ?-1819) Grand Duke of Mecklemburg-Schwerin. Initiated in 1818 in Concordia Lodge in Berlin and became a member of the Grand Lodge "The Three Globes." d. 1819.

Frederick Ludwig (1751-1820) Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg. He was initiated in 1782 at Wilhelmsbad by Prince Charles of Hesse-Cassel.

Frederick Ludwig Alexander (17561823) Duke of Wurtemberg. A brother of Frederick I, king and prince of Wurtemberg, q.v. He served in the Prussian army and became a field marshal. He was initiated in the lodge of The Three Globes at Berlin in 1776.

79 Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1711-?) He was initiated by Frederick the Great, q.v., in 1740 and founded a lodge in his palace at Bayreuth which later became the Grand Lodge Zur Sonne. He was succeeded by his nephew, Frederick Christian, q.v.

Frederick, Prince of Hesse-Cassel (1747-1837) A Dutch major general. He entered the rite of Strict Observance at Cassel in 1777. Also a land-grave of Hesse-Cassel.

Frederick Wilhelm Paul (17971861) Duke of Wurtemburg. He was initiated in the lodge Zum Verein der Menschenfreunde at Triers in 1817 and later became master of the lodge Zu den drei Cedern in Stuttgart and honorary member of the lodge in Heilbronn.

William Frederick II (1744-1797) (Also Wilhelm) King of Prussia, 178697. Grandson of Frederick William I; son of Prince Augustus William and nephew of Frederick the Great, q.v. His lack of administrative ability caused Prussia to decline. He joined Austria in support of French royalty in the French Revolution which involved him in war (1792-95). He was compelled by the Treaty of Basel, in the latter year, to give up Prussian territories west of the Rhine. He was made a Mason in the Lodge Drei Degen at Halle about 1769, and affiliated with the Lodge Drei Goldene &Mussel at Berlin, Oct. 1, 1777.

Frederick William, Duke of Holstein-Beck (also Friedrich Wilhelm) He was initiated on June 20, 1740 in the royal palace of Frederick the Great, q.v., who acted as master of the lodge. In 1741 he affiliated with the Grand Lodge of "The Three Globes" in Berlin, and was appointed fifth grand master of the same in 1747. He was governor of Berlin.

William Frederick, Prince of Gloucester (see under Gloucester) Frederick William (1831-?) Prince of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld. He served in the Prussian navy. Was a member of the lodge Urania in 1856, and an honorary member of the grand lodge, Royal York a l'Amitie, in Berlin.

Frederick William Charles (17971881) Prince of the Netherlands. Son of King William I, and brother of King William II, q.v. He served in the Dutch army, and took part in the Belgian Revolution of 1830. In 1825, he married Princess Louise, the daughter of Frederick William III, q.v., king of Prussia. He was initiated in Berlin by a deputation of the grand lodge of "The Three Globes" in 1817, and the same year was appointed grand master of the National Grand Lodge of the Netherlands. He was a Masonic reformer who denounced the advanced degrees as being contrary to the true intent of Freemasonry, and in 1819, tried to introduce a new rite consisting of five degrees. This included the degrees of "Elect Master" and "Supreme Elect Master," in addition to the three symbolic degrees. Only a few lodges accepted his new system.

John E Fredrick (1865-1943) Chairman of the board of Continental Steel Corp. b. Oct. 27, 1865 in Randolph Co., Ind. Received M.D. from Ohio Medical Coll. in 1892, and practiced medicine at Ridgeville, Ind. from 1892-96. Between 1896 and 1901, he organized the Kokomo Nail & Wire Co.; Kokomo Steel & Wire Co. and merged with others as Continental Steel Corp. He was co-author of the Indiana workmen's compensation law, and president of the Indiana state chamber of commerce for 18 years. He affiliated with Howard Lodge No. 93 at Kokomo, Ind., June 1, 1898. His original lodge is not known. d. March 3, 1943.

Richard P. Freeman b. Nov. 22, 1897 in Hungary, and came to U.S. in 1910. Graduate of Western Reserve U. Admitted to bar in 1919, and was in private practice from 191829, when he became assistant prosecuting attorney for Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, and later U.S. attorney for Northern Ohio. Mason.

Alfred B. Freeman President of Louisiana Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 1943-47, and chairman of board since 1947. b. Jan. 13, 1881 in Dalton, Ga. He went with the Louisiana beverage company in 1906, as secretary and treasurer. He is also a director of Wesson Oil, and Snowdrift Co. of New Orleans, and a director of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Ga. Mason.

James E. Freeman (1866-1943) Episcopal Bishop of Washington, D.C., whose inspiration resulted in the building of the great national cathedral on Mt. St. Albans in Washington. Like Hiram Abif, he never lived to see his dream completed. b. July 24, 1866, in New York City. After spending 15 years in the legal and accounting departments of the New York City and Hudson River Railways, he completed a theological course under Bishop Henry C. Potter, and later received many honorary degrees from universities and colleges throughout the U.S. He was ordained a deacon in 1894, and priest in 1895, in the Protestant Episcopal church. He then served churches in Yonkers, N.Y., Minneapolis, Minn., and Washington, D.C. He was consecrated bishop of Washington in 1923, and although elected bishop coadjutor of Western Texas in 1911, he declined. He was the author of If Not the Sa- loon, What?; Man and the Master; Themes in Verse, and The Ambassa- dor. He was raised in Nepperhan Lodge No. 736, Yonkers, N.Y., Nov. 22, 1906, passed, Feb. 18, 1907, and raised, April 1, 1907. On Oct. 12, 1922 he affiliated with Temple Noyes Lodge No. 32, Washington, D.C., and served as chaplain of the lodge. A 33° AASR, he first affiliated with the Southern Jurisdiction in Washington, and later with the Northern Jurisdiction in New York City. His bust is displayed in the national cathedral of which he is considered the "father." d. June 6, 1943.

Martin J. Freeman Author and English professor. b. May 17, 1899 at Ada, Ohio. Graduate of Ohio Northern U. and Ph.D. from U. of Chicago in 1934. Was a reporter on Ohio and Illinois newspapers from 1917-19, and editor of the Beaumont News (Texas) in 1922. After more newspaper work in Ohio, he taught English in Iowa State Coll., and U. of Chicago, and since 1941, has been professor of English at Hunter Coll. In WWI he was an infantry lieutenant. He is the author of The Murder of a Midget; Murder by Magic; Written Communication in Business; The Case of the Blind Mouse; The Scarf on the Scarecrow; and Bitter Honey, as well as others. Initiated in Beaumont, Texas, and presently a member of Ada Lodge No. 346, Ada, Ohio.

Orville Freeman Governor of Minnesota from 1955. b. May 9, 1918 at Minneapolis, Minn. Received B.A. and LL.B. from U. of Minnesota, and admitted to bar in 1947. Active in city and state civic movements. He served in WWII in the Marine Corps advancing from a 2nd lieutenant to major (1941-45). Member of Khuram Lodge No. 112, Minneapolis, and serving as junior warden at this time. Member of the Grotto. Initiated in 1950. Began in chairs, 1953; installed master Dec. 18, 1959.

Ralph M. Freeman Federal Judge, Eastern District of Michigan from 1954. b. May 5, 1902 at Flushing, Mich. Graduate of U. of Mich. in 1926. Was in private law practice in Flint, Mich. Member of Flint Lodge No. 23, Flint, Mich.

Richard P. Freeman (1869-1944) U.S. Congressman to 64th to 72nd Al Walker B. Freeman Congresses (1915-33) from 2nd Conn. dist. b. April 24, 1869 at New London, Conn. Graduate of both Harvard and Yale (1891 and 1894). Practiced law in New London, Conn. Served in Spanish-American War as a sergeant. Became member of Brainard Lodge No. 102, New London, Conn., Oct. 27, 1897. d. July 18, 1944.

Walker B. Freeman (1843-1935) Commander in Chief of Confederate Veterans in 1925. b. Aug. 28, 1843 in Bedford Co., Va. He was in the mercantile business from 1869-87, and after that, an agent for New York Life Ins. Co. He enlisted in the Confederate Army in June, 1861, and surrendered at Appomattox in 1865. Mason. d. Feb. 9, 1935.

Ferdinand Freiligrath (1810-1876) German poet. His works include lyric and political poems such as Glaubensbekenninis and Ca Ira. He also did translations from Victor Hugo, Shakespeare, q.v., and Burns, q.v. Initiated in 1842, according to the bulletin of the International Masonic Congress.

Freire de Andrade (1685?-1763) Portuguese general and administrator. Full name was Freire de Andrade de Gomez. b. in Coimbra. He was governor and captain general of Rio de Janeiro from 1733-63. He is celebrated in Gama's epic poem Epicos Brasileiros. A Freemason.

John C. Fremont (1813-1890) American explorer and army officer, known as "the pathfinder." Often referred to as a Freemason, but no proof of membership can be found. He was a son-in-law of Thomas H. Benton, q.v.

Augustus C. French (?-1864) Former governor of Illinois. Listed as both a member of Lebanon Lodge No. 110, Lebanon, Ill., and Springfield Lodge No. 4, Springfield, Ill. There is no record of his original lodge, and first record is affiliation with Lebanon Lodge No. 110 in 1862. d. Sept. 5, 1864.

Benjamin B. French (1800-1870) Grand Commander of the Grand Encampment, K.T. in 1859, and Grand Secretary of the General Grand Chapter, 1850-59. b. Sept. 4, 1800 at Chester, N.H. He moved to Washington, D.C. in 1813, and became president of the board of aldermen and the common council. He was chief clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives and commissioner of public buildings and grounds. As grand master of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia, he laid the cornerstones of the Smithsonian Institution, the Washington Monument, the Capitol extension, many other public buildings, and churches. (1846-55 and 1868) He served as master of Corinthian Lodge No. 28, Newport, N.H., and as grand marshal of the grand lodge in that state. In Washington, he affiliated with National Lodge No. 12 in 1846, and was elected grand master the same year. He was knighted in DeWitt Clinton Encampment, Brooklyn, N.Y., April 5, 1847, and became commander of Washington Commandery No. 1 (D.C.) on its revival in 1847, serving for 11 years. In 1850 he became grand recorder of the Grand Encampment, K.T. and served until 1859 when he became grand master of the same. At the time of his death he was lieutenant grand commander of the AASR (SJ). d. Aug. 12, 1870.

Burton L. French (1875-1954) U.S. Congressman, 58th to 72nd Congresses (1903-33) from 1st Idaho dist. with the exception of two congresses. b. Aug. 1, 1875 at Delphi, Ind., moving to Nebraska, and then to Idaho. Graduate of Idaho and Chicago universities. He was professor emeritus of government at Miami U., Oxford, Ohio. Member of Federal Loyalty Review Board in 1947. Received the degrees in Kendrick Lodge No. 26, Kendrick, Idaho, May 11, Oct. 12, and Nov. 9,

1899, withdrawing from same, May 13, 1909, and affiliating with Paradise Lodge No. 17, Moscow, Idaho, July 17, 1909; he was a member at the time of his death, Sept. 20, 1954.

Domingo French (1783-1825) Argentine patriot and Colonel who took part in many engagements in the War of Independence, especially at the siege of Montevideo in 1814, and in Peru in 1815. He exiled himself to the U.S. from 1817-19. A Freemason.

Sir John D. P. French (1852-1925) British Field Marshal and 1st Earl of Ypres. He served in the British Navy from 1866-70, and in the army from 1874. He distinguished himself in the Nile expedition in 1884, and as a cavalry commander in the Boer War, 1899-1901. He was promoted to general in 1907, was chief of the imperial general staff in 1912-14, and field marshal in 1913. He was placed in supreme command of the British Army on the Western front in WWI and prevented the Germans from reaching Calais by the battle at Ypres. He resigned in 1915, under criticism for costly advances. He later became commander-in-chief of the United Kingdom, and lord lieutenant of Ireland (1918). He was raised June 15, 1906 in Jubilee Masters Lodge No. 2712 of London.

Hubert J. W. Frere-Orban (18121896) Prime minister of Belgium. A lawyer, he was leading liberal member of the lower house from 1847-94, minister of public works in 1847, minister of finance, 1848-52 and 1857-70. He was minister of state in 1861, and prime minister from 1867-70 and 187884. The bulletin of the International Masonic Congress states that he was a Freemason.

Wilhelm Frick (1877-1946) German politician who was minister of interior from 1933-43 under Hitler and was hanged as a war criminal in 1946. Anti-Mason. Hitler's newspaper Voelkischer Beobachter announced the final dissolution of all Masonic lodges in Germany on Aug. 8, 1935. The paper blamed the Order for the incidents leading to WWI, saying that Freemasonry believed the time had come for a "bloody war between nations and the erection of a world republic." The National Socialist press gave the lodges a final obituary in which they were accused of all imaginable historic crimes, including the undermining of the German empire and the assassination at Sarajevo which precipitated WWI. Acting under a decree that had been issued by President von Hindenburg, which charged that the Masonic lodges had engaged in "subversive activities," Dr. Frick, then minister of interior, called for the immediate disbandment of all lodges throughout Germany and the Saar and ordered a confiscation of their property. This was a step that the German Freemasons had expected for some time.

Alfred H. Fried (1864-1921) Austrian pacifist. b. in Vienna, he settled in Berlin in 1883, where he was a bookseller and author. In 1891 he founded and edited the first pacifist paper in Germany, Die Waffen Nieder! and in 1892 founded the German peace society. He took a leading part in all international peace movements, and in 1911, was co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize. At the time of his death he was one of the oldest and most faithful members of Lodge Sokrates.

Theodore Friedlander President of Phoenix Hosiery Co. b. March 6, 1886 in San Francisco, Calif. Began with the hosiery company in 1909 at Milwaukee, and was later Pacific coast representative. Worked up as vice president and general manager. Mason.

83 Amos A. Fries Mo. He was in the drug business with his father at Fort Smith, Ark., from 1916-23, and a freelance writer from 1923-28, returning to pharmacy in that year on the death of his father. From 1937-44 he edited western and detective magazines in Standard and Better Publications, moving to California in 1944, and again did freelance work. He returned to New York in 1948, where he purchased Otis Kline Associates, a literary agency. He has Written dozens of western and mystery novels such as The Round-Up; Gun Harvest; Bloody Ground; The Mississippi Hawk; The Long Noose; Range Doctor; The Red Kite Clue; The Hand of Horror; Murder-As Usual, etc. He is the author of numerous short stories for American magazines. Mason and Knight Ternplar.

Amos A. Fries Major General, U.S. Army, who commanded the Chemical Warfare Service in WWI. b. March 17, 1873 at Debello, Wis. Graduate of U.S. Military Academy in 1898, and promoted through grades to brigadier general in 1918, and major general in 1925. He was chief of the Chemical Warfare Service from 1918-29, retiring on the latter date. He served in the Philippines in 190103, and from 1906-09, was in charge of the Los Angeles River and Harbor district, laying out a complete and modern harbor. He is a past master of Columbia Lodge No. 3, Washington, D.C.; received 32° AASR (SJ) at Washington, March 25, 1919, and 33°, Oct. 22, 1929. He was knighted in Brightwood Commandery No. 6, K.T. in Washington, June 30, 1927, and served as potentate of Almas Shrine Temple, Washington. He is also honorary past president of the National Sojourners.

Charles E. Friley President of Iowa State College since 1936. b. Aug. 27, 1887 in Ruston, La. Graduate of Sam Houston Teachers Coll., Texas A. & M., Columbia U. and U. of Chicago. He taught school in Texas and La. from 1907-10, and became registrar of Texas A. & M. in 1912, and dean of the school of arts and sciences in 1924. He went with Iowa State in 1932, as dean of the division of science, became vice president in 1935. Mason, 33° AASR (SJ), and Shriner.

Frank F. Frisch Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame at Cooperstown, N.Y. b. Sept. 9, 1898 in New York City. Known as the "Fordham Flash," he jumped from college into the major league. He was an active player from 1919-37, and, from 1938, was a non-playing manager. Always with the National League, he played for New York from 1919-26, St. Louis from 1927-38, and Pittsburgh from 1940-46. He was an outstanding infielder, base runner, and batter. Had a lifetime batting mark of .316 and holds many records. Played in 50 world series games, and managed St. Louis from 1933 through 1938, winning the world series in 1934. He managed Pittsburgh from 1940 through 1946. Member of Beacon Lodge No. 3, St. Louis, Mo.

Lawrence G. Fritz Brigadier General, U.S. Air Force and vice president of American Air Lines. b. Aug. 7, 1896 at Marine City, Mich. He was a transport pilot in 1925, and a test pilot for the Ford Airways from 192527. From 1927-29 he was chief pilot of the Maddux Airlines, Los Angeles. 1929-31 he was vice president of Southwest Airfast Express, Tulsa, Okla., and regional superintendent for TWA from 1931-38. From 1938-42 he was vice president of TWA in charge of operations. After military duty from 1942-46, he became vice president of American Air Lines in 1946, and retired in 1956. He served in WWI with the aviation section of the Signal Corps, and, after graduating from advanced flying school at Kelly Field in 1924, was commissioned

84 Leslie M. Frost a 2nd lieutenant in the Air Corps reserve. He was made brigadier general in 1944, and major general of Air Force reserve in 1955. He was assistant chief of staff of Air Transport Command from 1942-43; commanding general of the North Atlantic Wing, 1943-44 and commanding general of North Atlantic division 1944-45. He was raised in Alamo Lodge No. 44 of San Antonio, Texas in 1923, while serving in the Air Corps at Kelly Field.

John Frizzell (1829-1894) General Grand High Priest of the General Grand Chapter, 1887-80. b. Sept. 8, 1829 in Bedford Co., Tenn. Served as registrar of the land office at Nashville when 21 years old. Admitted to bar in 1854. Served with the Confederate Army in the Civil War. He was a member of Cumberland Lodge No. 8; Cumberland Chapter No. 1, R.A.M.; Nashville Council No. 1, R. & S.M. and Nashville Commandery No. 1, K.T. He served as head of all York rite bodies in Tenn. Received 32° at hands of Albert Pike, and honorary 33° in 1886. d. Nov. 30, 1894.

Charles W. Froessel Justice, Supreme Court of New York, 1937-49, and associate judge of New York Court of Appeals since 1950. b. Nov. 8, 1892 in Brooklyn, he graduated from the New York Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1915. In 1935-37 he had charge of the slum clearance projects in New York City as special assistant to the U.S. attorney general. He is a trustee of the New York Law School, served with naval reserve in WWI, and member of the executive board, National Council, Boy Scouts of America. A member of Tadmor Lodge No. 923, Ridgewood, N.Y., he was master in 1926; district deputy grand master in 192728; grand lodge law enforcement officer, 1928-39; grand treasurer, 193941; deputy grand master, 1942-44; grand master, 1944-46; chairman ofcommittee on awards for distinguished achievement in 1946. On the latter committee, he has been primarily responsible for the selection of the following award recipients: General Omar Bradley, General Jonathan Wainwright, Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, Charles E. Wilson, J. Edgar Hoover, Warren R. Austin, John W. Davis, Sir Alexander Fleming, Thomas J. Watson, David Sarnoff, Sir Ernest H. Cooper, Cecil B. de Mille, Dr. Charles W. Mayo, qq.v. He was honored by the Grand Lodge of Connecticut with their Pierpont Edwards, q.v., award.

John Frost (1738-1810) Brigadier General in American Revolution. b. May 5, 1738 in Kittery, Maine. He served as a captain in the Canadian campaign of 1759, and, in 1775, was a lieutenant colonel at the siege of Boston. He won distinction in several engagements that preceded the retreat of Washington to Philadelphia, and when Burgoyne invaded New York, his regiment was placed under General Gates, and later, with Washington's central division. He participated in the action of Monmouth. He left the army with the rank of brigadier general. He was a member of St. Andrews Lodge of Boston, Mass. After the war he returned to Kittery, Maine, where he was county judge, and a member of the governor's council in Massachusetts, of which Maine was then a part. d. July, 1810.

Leslie M. Frost Premier of Ontario, Canada, from 1949. b. Sept. 20, 1895 at Orilla, Ont. Graduate of U. of Toronto. He was admitted to the Ontario bar in 1922, and created King's Counsel in 1933. He served in the Ontario legislature in 1937, 43, 45 and 48, and became leader of the Progressive Conservative Party in 1949. In addition to being prime minister of Ontario, he is also treasurer of the province. In WWI he was severely wounded near Arras, France, in

March, 1918. He is a member of Faithful Brethren Lodge No. 77 at Lindsay, and a 32° AASR in the Moore Consistory at Hamilton.

M. M. Frost Vice president of Eastern Air Lines since 1950. b. July 10, 1898 at Nashville, Tenn. He was a sales executive for Portland Cement Co. in Tampa, Fla. from 1929-41. In 1945 he became vice president, and assistant to the president of Eastern Air Lines, N.Y.C. and has been vice president in charge of traffic and sales since 1950. During WWII (1942-45) he served as a colonel with the Air Force. Mason and Shriner.

George A. Fry Management consultant and chairman of George Fry & Associates, Inc. since 1946. b. Oct. 20, 1901 in Swayzee, Ind. Graduate of Northwestern U. in 1924. He was director of personnel at that university in 1924-25, becoming associated with Edwin G. Booz Surveys in the latter year. In 1936 he became a partner of Booz, Fry, Allen & Hamilton, and, in 1942, senior partner of Fry, Lawson & Co. In 1952 he was chairman of the Citizens for Eisenhower and Nixon Committee. Mason.

Joseph Frye (1711-1794) General in the Revolutionary War. b. April, 1711, at Andover, Mass. He was an ensign in Hale's regiment at the capture of Louisburg in 1745, and a colonel when Montcalm captured Fort William Henry in 1757. He escaped by killing an Indian that had charge of him. He was appointed major general by the Mass. provincial congress in June, 1775, and commissioned brigadier general by the Continental Congress, Jan. 10, 1776, but due to infirmities, resigned on April 23. His great grandson was William P. Frye, q.v., U.S. Senator from Maine. d. 1794 in Fryeburg, Maine. He was a member of a Mass. lodge.

William P. Frye (1831-1911) U.S. Senator from Maine, serving sixterms from 1881-1911. b. Sept. 2, 1831 at Lewiston, Maine. He was the grandson of General Joseph Frye, q.v. Graduate of Bowdoin Coll., he practiced law. He was a member of the Maine legislature in 1861, '62, and '67. He served as mayor of Lewiston and attorney general of Maine. From 187181 he was U.S. congressman to 42nd through 46th congresses. Member of Ashlar Lodge No. 105, Lewiston, Maine. d. 1911.

Dr. R. H. Fuhrmann ( ?-1937) St. Louis physician who, as an amateur photographer, compiled an historical collection of photographs of the growth of St. Louis. He left the collection to the St. Louis Scottish Rite bodies, stipulating that they could not be sold, and could be used only for educational, display, and entertainment purposes. They were printed in the St. Louis Globe Democrat about 1955. He learned photography from the professional, Emil Boehi, and together they took many pictures. When Boehi died in 1919, Dr. Fuhrmann bought the hundreds of negatives he had, that date back to the Civil war, and continued to record the history of St. Louis until his own death, Dec. 20, 1937. Member of West Gate Lodge No. 445, St. Louis, Mo., he received his degrees on Feb. 23, March 1, and March 29, 1904.

James F. Fulbright (1877-1948) Judge and U.S. Congressman to 68th, 70th and 72nd Congresses from 14th Mo. dist. b. Jan. 24, 1877 in Millerville, Mo. Admitted to the bar in 1903. Served as prosecuting attorney of Ripley Co. and mayor of Doniphan, Mo. He was a member of the lower house three terms. In 1938 he was named judge of the Springfield court of appeals, and became presiding judge. Member of Composite Lodge No. 369, Doniphan, Mo., receiving degrees, March 4, 20, and 31, 1905. Suspended NPD June 22, 1937; reinstated Jan. 22, 1946. d. April 5, 1948.

86 M. M. Frost March, 1918. He is a member of Faithful Brethren Lodge No. 77 at Lindsay, and a 32° AASR in the Moore Consistory at Hamilton.

86 Levi K. Fuller Alfred C. Fuller President of the Fuller Brush Co. b. Jan. 13, 1885 in Welsford, Nova Scotia, Canada; he became a U.S. citizen in 1918. He established the Fuller Brush Co. at Somerville, Mass., in 1906, and since, has been president and chairman of the board. He is a director of the national Better Business Bureau in New York City. Mason, 32° AASR, Knight Templar, and Shriner.

Alvan T. Fuller (1878-1958) Governor of Massachusetts, 1925-29. b. Feb. 27, 1878 in Boston. He was a wealthy auto dealer (Packard) in Boston. He was a member of the state legislature in 1915, and U.S. congressman to 65th and 66th congresses (1917-21) from Mass. He served as lieutenant governor from 1921-25. He never cashed a paycheck as governor or congressman. As governor, he was beset by pressure from near and far to intervene in behalf of the condemned Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. After a full investigation by a committee appointed by him, he decided to back up the state judiciary, and they were executed for murder. Agitators charged that Fuller was predisposed against the immigrant, anarchist Italians because of his wealth and position. He was raised in Converse Lodge, Malden, Mass. in 1906; exalted in Tabernacle Chapter, R.A.M. in 1923, greeted in Melrose Council, R. & S.M., and knighted in Beauseant Commandery, all of Malden in 1923. He received the 32° AASR (NJ), at Buffalo, N.Y., in 1926, and 33° in 1926; member of Aleppo Shrine Temple and Omar Grotto of Boston. d. May, 1958.

Ben H. Fuller (1870-1937) Major General and Commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps. b. Feb. 27, 1870 in Big Rapids, Mich. Attended U.S. Naval Academy. He was appointed a naval cadet in 1885, and transferred to the Marine Corps as a 2nd lieutenant in 1891, advancing through grades tobrigadier general in 1918, and major general in 1930. He served on the U.S.S. Columbia in the Spanish-American War, and was in the Philippines during the 1899-1901 insurrection. He was with the Boxer Relief Expedition to Peking, China in 1900, and commanded the 2nd Brigade of Marifies in Santo Domingo in 1918. He served as commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps from 1930, until his retirement in 1934. Mason and member of Washington Chapter No. 3, National Sojourners. d. June 8, 1937.

Justin K. Fuller U.S. Public Health Service. b. Aug. 28, 1888 at Marysville, Calif. Graduate of Stanford U. and U. of Calif. In the public health service he rose from assistant surgeon in 1916, to medical director in 1942, and assistant surgeon general in 1944, resigning in 1948 to become medical consultant of the department of correction and health authority of Calif. Active in penal and correctional institution work, he served as clinical director of the U.S. narcotic farm at Lexington, Ky., from 1935-37, and was medical director of the bureau of prisons of the U.S. justice dept. 1937-42. Member of Washington Centennial Lodge No. 14, Washington, D.C.

Levi K. Fuller (1841-1896) Governor of Vermont in 1892-94. b. Feb. 24, 1841 at Westmoreland, N.H., moving to Brattleboro in 1854, where he was educated in the public schools. From 1866 he was associated with the Estey Organ Co., and was vice president for many years. He was a member of the state senate in 1880, and held many town and municipal offices. He organized and commanded the Fuller Light Battery of the national guard. He was lieutenant governor from 1886-88. He was raised in Columbian Lodge No. 36, Brattleboro, Feb. 19, 1863; exalted in Fort Dummer Chapter No. 12, R.A.M. in Brattleboro, April 20, 1864; and knighted in Vermont Commandery No. 4, K.T. at

87 Walter D. Fuller Windsor, prior to 1867, dimitting in 1868. d. Oct. 10, 1896.

Walter D. Fuller President of Curtis Publishing Co. 1934-50. b. June 5, 1882 at Corning, Ia. He began as a bank clerk and salesman (1899-1904), and became associated with the publishing business in 1904. He was with the Crowell Publishing Co. in 1906; the S. S. McClure Company until 1908, associating himself with the Curtis Co. in that year and advanced through various positions to president. Has been a member of Rising Star Lodge No. 126, Philadelphia, Pa., for 48 years.

Hampton P. Fulmer (1875-1944) U.S. Congressman to 67th to 78th Congresses (1921-45) from 2nd S.Car. dist. b. June 23, 1875 near Springfield, S.Car. He was a farmer. In Congress, he was the author of the U.S. standard cotton grading act and agricultural adjustment act. Mason. d. Oct. 19, 1944.

Robert Fulton (1765-1815) American engineer and inventor. Often called the inventor of the steamboat, but claim is a little broad as John Fitch, q.v., had a steamboat in operation before Fulton. Fulton is often referred to as a Mason, but no proof of his membership can be found.

Will H. Fulton Judge, Kentucky Court of Appeals, 1939-44 and chief justice from 1943-44. b. Aug. 8, 1888 in Bardstown, Ky. Graduate of U. of Va. Admitted to bar in 1909. Was circuit court judge for eight years. Resigned from court of appeals to engage in private practice. Served overseas in WWI with field artillery. Mason.

William J. Fulton Judge, Supreme Court of Illinois since 1942. b. Jan. 14, 1875 at Lynedoch, Ont., Canada. Came to U.S. in 1881, and naturalized in 1887. Graduate of U. of Illinois, and admitted to bar in 1901. He served aslaw clerk, court reporter, city attorney, and circuit judge. Member of Sycamore Lodge No. 134, Sycamore, Ill., receiving degrees, March 4, April 22, 1910, and Nov. 24, 1911.

Charles E. Funk (1881-1957) Dictionary editor. b. April 4; 1881 at Springfield, Ohio. Graduate of U. of Colorado. From 1904-11 he was an engineer in the western states and then associate editor of The Engineering Magazine, becoming managing editor from 1915-17. From 1916-22 he was editor and secretary of the Industrial Extension Institute. His lexicography work began in 1921, as associate editor of the New Standard Dictionary, and in 1939, he became editor, serving as such until 1947. He was also associate editor of New Standard Encyclopedia in 1931, and editor of New International Year Books from 193238. He was consulting editor of Funk & Wagnalls Co. from 1947. He was also the author of 25,000 Words Spelled, Divided and Accented; A Hog on. Ice and Other Sayings; New Comprehensive Dictionary, 1937; Standard Junior Dictionary, 1939; New Practical Standard Dictionary, 1946; and New College Standard Dictionary, 1947. Mason. d. April 16, 1957.

Eugene D. Funk (1867-1944) Founder and President of Funk Brothers Seed Co. at Bloomington, Ill., in 1901. b. Sept. 3, 1867 at Shirley, Ill. He began plant breeding in 1892, after studying both in the U.S. and abroad. He was primarily interested in corn, and he became one of the largest producers of hybrid seed corn in the world. Member of Shirley Lodge No. 582, Shirley, Ill., receiving degrees Nov. 27, Dec. 15, and Dec. 23, 1893; 32° AASR (NJ). d. Nov. 28, 1944.

Frank H. Funk (1869-1940) U.S. Congressman to 67th and 69th Congresses (1921-27) from 17th Ill. dist. b. April 5, 1869 at Bloomington, Ill. Was farmer and stock raiser on fam-

88 Joseph H. Fussell ily farm, "Funk's Grove," from 1891. Served in state senate and was nominee for governor and U.S. senator. Raised in Bloomington Lodge No. 43, Bloomington, Ill., July 6, 1893 and dimitted Jan. 1, 1932. d. Nov. 24, 1940.

Henry Fuqua (1865-1926) Governor of Louisiana, 1924, '26, dying in office. b. Nov. 8, 1865 at Baton Rouge, La. Began with corps of engineers on Construction of the Yazoo & Miss. Valley Railroad, and later engaged in bridge building. He then entered the hardware business in Baton Rouge, and in 1892, organized the Fuqua Hardware Co. In 1916 he became warden of the state prison, serving until 1924. This also included the management of three large plantations owned by the state. d. Oct. 11, 1926. Member and past master of St. James Lodge No. 47 at Baton Rouge. Received his degrees, June 1, July 16, Aug. 24, 1894.

Stephen 0. Fuqua (1874-1943) Major General, U.S. Army. b. Dec. 25, 1874 at Baton Rouge, La. He was the younger brother of Henry Fuqua, q.v., governor of Louisiana. Attended Tulane and U. of La. as well as U.S. Military Academy. He was commissioned a captain of volunteers in 1898, and advanced to rank of major general in 1929, when he became chief of Infantry. He served at one time as military attache of the U.S. embassy in Madrid, Spain, and, after his retirement, was military affairs editor of Newsweek magazine in New York. Member of Sackett's Harbor Lodge No. 135, Sackett's Harbor, N.Y., receiving degrees, Feb. 26, March 12, and March 26, 1906. d. May 12, 1943.

Charles M. Furman (1797-1872) Seventh Grand Commander of the Southern Supreme Council, Scottish Rite, 1858. b. Oct. 17, 1797 in Charleston, S.Car. He was admitted to the bar in 1819, and later served as state treasurer, comptroller, and, in 1850,president of the state bank. He "resigned" from head of the AASR in the same year as he was named grand commander, and Albert Pike, speaking the year Furman died, stated "he has been as one dead to us for 13 years." He was initiated in Solomon's Lodge No. 1 of Charleston in 1824, and became master of Kilwinning Lodge No. 4, same city. In 1838-40 he was grand master of the Grand Lodge of South Carolina, and held the same position again in 1847-48. He was high priest of Union Chapter No. 3 in 1846, and deputy grand high priest of the Grand Chapter, R.A.M. of S.Car. in 1847. In 1850 he was commander of South Carolina Encampment No. 1, K.T.

Robert W. Furnas (1824-1905) Governor of Nebraska, 1873-75. b. May 5, 1824 in Miami Co., Ohio. He was a resident of Nebraska from 1855 until his death. During the Civil War, he was a colonel in the 2nd Nebr. cavalry. He was president of the Nebraska State Board of Agriculture. On retiring from public life, he engaged in farming and tree culture. He was a member of Capitol Lodge No. 3 at Omaha, and later served as master of Nemaha Lodge No. 4 at Brownville, Nebr. He was grand master of the Grand Lodge of Nebraska in 186566, and grand secretary from 1858-62. d. June 1, 1905.

Jonas Furrer (1805-1861) First President of the Swiss Confederation and founder of the Grand Lodge Alpina of Switzerland. A Swiss statesman and lawyer, he was a member of the grand council from 1934-46, and president of the same in 1837 and 1846. In 1848 he was a member of the diet council.

Joseph H. Fussell (1863-1942) Theosophist. b. in Nottingham, England, he came to the U.S. in 1890. He first taught in a private school in Savannah, Ga., and was later private tutor

89 Junius M. Futrell in N.J. and N.Y. In 1893 he became private secretary to William Q. Judge, and later secretary to Katherine Tingley (1896-1929). He was secretary general of The Theosophical Society, and a trustee of Theosophical Univ. He wrote Theosophy and Occultism; More Light—A Study of Theosophy and Freemasonry. Mason; received 32° AASR (SJ), July 31, 1912, at San Diego, Calif. and withdrew Aug. 16,

1932. He had affiliated with San Diego Lodge No. 35 in Feb. 1907, from Ancient Lodge No. 724, N.Y., and withdrew in May, 1934. d. May 7, 1942.

Junius M. Futrell Governor of Arkansas, 1933-35. b. Aug. 14, 1871 in Green Co., Ark. Member of Paragould Lodge No. 368, Paragould, Ark., and received AASR (SJ) degrees in May, 1926.

William IL Gabbert (1849-1923) Justice of Supreme Court of Colorado from 1898-1917 and Chief Justice, 1904-07, and 1915-16. b. Oct. 12, 1849 in Scott Co., Ia. Began law practice in Davenport, Ia. in 1870, and moved to Colo. in 1879, settling at Telluride. From 1893-97 he was district judge. In 1916 he resumed private practice. Member of Union Lodge No. 7, Denver. d. July 18, 1923.

Clark Gable Movie actor. b. in 1907 in Cadiz, Ohio. Attended Akron U. (Ohio). He began as a worker in rubber plants and oil fields. He first won recognition as an actor in The Last Mile, and made his film debut in The Painted Desert. He has appeared in many films including Hell Divers; Strange Interlude; It Happened One Night; Mutiny on the Bounty; Strange Cargo; Gone With the Wind; The Hucksters; The Wide Missouri; Lone Star; Mogambo; Soldier of Fortune; and Idiot's Delight. He received the award (Oscar) of the Academy. of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for his role in It Happened One Night, in 1934. In WWII he was a 2nd lieutenant in the 8th Air Force, resigning with the rank of major. He was raised in Beverly Hills Lodge No. 528, Oct. 31, 1933, having received his other degrees on Sept. 19, Oct. 17 of same year. d. Nov. 17, 1960.

James Gadsden (1788-1858) U.S. Army officer and diplomat who, as U.S. minister to Mexico, concluded the treaty with that country for the re-adjustment of the boundary line between the two nations, and the acquisition of the tract of land after-wards known as the "Gadsden Purchase." b. May 15, 1788 in Charleston, S.Car. He graduated from Yale in 1806, and moved to Florida, where he was a planter, until he joined the army and was appointed lieutenant colonel of engineers. He served with distinction in the War of 1812, and as an aide-de-camp to General Jackson, q.v., in the campaign against the Seminole Indians in 1818, and aided in the capture of the leaders Arbuthnot and Ambrister. He went with Jackson to Pensacola when the latter took possession of Florida, and was active in settling a dispute between Jackson and the Spanish governor. After his retirement from the army, he returned to farming and was a member of the legislative council of the Florida Territory. He removed the Seminoles to the southern part of Florida under a commission from President Monroe. He later returned to his native state of S.Car. and became president of the South Carolina Railroad and engaged in rice culture. In 1853, President Pierce made him minister to Mexico, and on Dec. 30 of that year he negotiated the famous treaty, setting up the new boundary. He was an early member of Jackson Lodge No. 23 at Tallahassee, Fla. which was then under the Grand Lodge of Alabama. It is now No. 1 of Florida jurisdiction. d. Dec. 25, 1858.

Johann C. Gaedicke (1763-?) Ger; man bookseller who published a number of Masonic books including the Freimaurer-Lexicon in 1818 which was later published in English. b. Dec. 14, 1763. He was initiated in 1804.

91 Jonathan Gage Nov. 25, 1852 near Geneva, N.Y. He was educated in the public schools of Michigan and under private tutors. He practiced law in Los Angeles. He was U.S. minister to Portugal in 190911. As a lawyer, he was counsel for the Southern Pacific Railroad and other corporations. He was raised in Ancient Landmarks Lodge No. 503 of Saginaw, Mich. Sept. 18, 1872. d. Aug. 28, 1924.

Jonathan Gage (1759-1841) One of the organizers of the General Grand Chapter, Royal Arch Masons. A shipbuilder and owner, his sloop Polly was stolen by the British, and his brig Ranger by the French prior to 1800. He built a turnpike road; was an incorporator of the Newburyport Academy (Mass.), and also helped found a marine insurance company and a savings association. From 1802-03 he was a selectman of Newburyport, Mass., and from 1805-16, a representative of his city to the Massachusetts general legislature. He was master of St. Peter's Lodge of Newburyport in 1791. In 1797 he met with Thomas Smith Webb, q.v., and others in Boston to plan the organization of the General Grand Chapter. Both Webb and Gage were on the committee with Benjamin Hurd, q.v., to bring together the Royal Arch Masons of the various states. They met in Hartford, Conn., to perfect the organization. In 1798 he was elected first grand treasurer of the Grand Chapter of Massachusetts, and was grand high priest of the same in 1820-22. He was a member of King Cyrus Chapter at Newburyport and served as high priest in 1801-02.

Edmund P. Gaines (1777-1849) Major General in War of 1812. b. March 20, 1777 in Culpepper Co., Va. Commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant in the 6th Infantry in 1799, and advanced to major general in 1814. He was active on the frontier for many years and was instrumental in arresting Aaron Burr, q.v. He resigned from the army in 1811, intending to become a lawyer, but returned when the War of 1812 threatened. As a brigadier general he conducted the defense of Fort Erie in Aug. 1814, and was severely wounded in repelling a superior force. In 1816 he was appointed one of the commissioners to treat with the Creek Indians, and was in the southern military district in 1817, when the Creeks and Seminoles began their depredations against Georgia and Alabama. He was a member of Phoenix Lodge No. 8, Fayetteville, N.Car. d. June 6, 1849.

John P. Gaines (1795-1858) Governor of Oregon Territory 1850-53. b. in Walton, Ky., he was admitted to the bar, and began practice in his city of birth. He served in the Mexican War as a major of Marshall's Kentucky cavalry volunteers, and was taken prisoner in Jan., 1847. He was subsequently aide-de-camp to General Scott, and distinguished himself at the battle of Molino del Rey. While still held a prisoner, he was elected to the 30th Congress as a Whig, and served from Dec. 1847 to March 1849. President Fillmore appointed him as territorial governor in 1850, and he never returned to the east. He was a member of Multnomah Lodge No. 1, Oregon City, Oreg.

Sir Charles Gairdner British Lieutenant General and Governor of Western Australia in 1952. He was initiated in Shamrock Lodge No. 101 (Irish constitution) and affiliated with Military Lodge No. 15 (Western Australia constitution), March 21, 1952. He was given the rank of past master of this lodge, and later named senior grand warden of the Grand Lodge of England.

John W. Galbreath Owner and President of the Pittsburgh Pirates Baseball Club. b. Aug. 10, 1897 in Derby, Ohio. Graduated from U. of

Leon Gambetta Ohio in 1920, he entered the real estate business and organized the John W. Galbreath & Co., Columbus, in 1924. He was raised in University Lodge No. 631 of Columbus, Nov. 28, 1922, and received the 33° AASR (NJ) in Boston in 1954.

Jacob H. Gallinger (1837-1918) U.S. Senator from New Hampshire for five terms, 1891-1921, dying in last term. b. March 28, 1837 in Cornwall, Ont., Canada. Received medical degree from Medical Institute of Cincinnati in 1858, and practiced in Concord, N.H. from 1862-85. He was surgeon general of N.H., with the rank of brigadier general, in 1789-90. He served in both legislative bodies of his state and was a member of its constitutional convention in 1876. He served in the 49th and 50th U.S. congresses (1885-89) but declined renomination. Raised in Eureka Lodge No. 70, Concord, N.H. on Dec. 13, 1883. d. Aug. 17, 1918.

Floyd E. Galloway (1890-1955) Brigadier general in Army Air Service. b. Sept. 11, 1890 in Falmouth, Ky. Graduate of several early Air Corps schools, and commissioned lieutenant in 1917, advancing through grades to brigadier general in 1942. In WWI he served with the A.E.F. in Siberia and later commanded Bolling Field, Washington, D.C.; Maxwell Field, Montgomery, Ala.; Crissy Field, San Francisco; and Albrook Field, Canal Zone. He organized and commanded the Air Force Service Command in the Caribbean Area. Mason. d. Sept. 19, 1955.

Joseph Galloway (1729-1803) Pennsylvania lawyer of pre-revolutionary period, who was an intimate friend of Benjamin Franklin, q.v. b. in Anne Arundel Co., Md., he studied law and practiced in Philadelphia where he became intimate with Franklin. When the latter went to England in 1764, he left his valuable papers with Galloway for safe keeping. He was a member ofthe Pennsylvania assembly almost continuously from 1757 until the Revolution, serving as speaker from 1766 to 1774. In the early part of the colonial struggle, he sympathized with the British and grew to be an active Tory. As a member of the provincial congress in 1774, he proposed a scheme of government to consist of a president-general, to be appointed by the king, and to hold office during his pleasure, and a grand council, to be chosen once in three years by the assemblies of the various colonies. In 1775 he retired to his country place, where Franklin visited him, attempting in vain to swing him to the cause of the colonies. In 1776 he joined General Howe, the British commander and on the taking of Philadelphia, was named superintendent of the police, thus becoming virtual head of the civil government. At the evacuation of the city he retired with the British and left for England, never to return. In 1788 the Pennsylvania assembly found him guilty of high treason and ordered his estate sold. He was a member of Lodge No. 2, Philadelphia. d. Aug. 29, 1803.

Randolph, 12th Earl of Galloway 94th Grand Master Mason of Scotland, 1945-48 and First Grand Principal of the Grand Chapter of Scotland, R.A.M. since 1953.

Juan Manuel Galvez President of Honduras, 1949-55. Initiated in Lodge Agustin Disdier of the Orient of La Ceiba.

George, 8th Viscount of Galway (1882-1943) (George Vere Arundell Monckton-Arundell) British soldier and colonial governor. He served in WWI and was quartermaster general from 1917-19. From 1935-41 he was governor general of New Zealand. He was a past grand master of the Grand Lodge of New Zealand.

93 Hamilton R. Gamble man. b. April 2, 1838 at Cahors. He studied law at Paris and won fame as an orator. Opposing the rupture with Germany, and leader of the party in opposition to the reign of Napoleon III, he was a member of the Government of National Defense (1870). On Oct. 8, 1870 he made a spectacular escape from the Prussian-besieged city of Paris, by balloon. He raised an army and fought to the finish. He founded the influential journal La Republique Francaise; succeeded in the adoption of a new constitution and massed effective opposition to the restoration of the Pope's temporal power. He was president of the chamber of deputies from 1879-81. An accidental shot from a pistol cut his life short, Dec. 31, 1882. He was initiated in a lodge at Bordeaux, France, and July 8, 1875, he, with two others, affiliated with the lodge La Clemente Amitie at Paris.

Hamilton R. Gamble (1798-1864) Civil War Governor of Missouri. b. Nov. 29, 1798 in Winchester, Va. Educated in Hampden-Sidney Coll. and admitted to Va. bar when 18 years old. In 1818 he came to Missouri and settled in Old Franklin, Howard Co., where he petitioned Franklin Union Lodge No. 7, Jan. 4, 1822, receiving his degrees Jan. 12, 26, and Feb. 23 of that year. In March, 1822 he was secretary of the lodge, senior warden in October, and master in December. In 1824 he was named secretary of state, holding the office one year. He then moved to St. Louis where he became a successful lawer, and presiding judge of the supreme court of the state. In St. Louis he affiliated with Missouri Lodge No. 1, Nov. 2, 1824, and was master in 1826-27. He was elected grand master of the Grand Lodge of Missouri in 1832. When Governor Claiborne F. Jackson joined the secession party, the state constitutional convention of 1861 named Gamble governor. Serving in a difficulttime, he is credited with saving the state for the Union, but his duties were demanding, and he died on Jan. 31, 1864. He married Louisa, daughter of Col. Rufus Easton, q.v.

Robert J. Gamble (1851-1924) U.S. Senator from South Dakota, 1901-13. b. Feb. 7, 1851 in Genesee Co., N.Y. Graduate of Lawrence U. (Wis.) in 1874, admitted to the bar the following year, and practiced at Yankton, S.D. He served as district and city attorney, state senator, and chairman of the state Republican convention. He represented his state in the 54th and 56th U.S. congresses. He became a member of St. John's Lodge No. 1, June 8, 1880 and belonged to DeMolay Commandery, K.T., and Oriental Consistory AASR (SJ), at Yankton. He was a member of El Riad Shrine Temple at Sioux Falls. d. Sept. 22, 1924.

Frank E. Gannett (1876-1957) Owner of Brooklyn Eagle and 21 other newspapers. b. Sept. 15, 1876 in Bristol, N.Y. Graduate of Cornell in 1898. He first entered the newspaper field as editor of the Ithaca Daily News (N.Y.) in 1900, and built a $3,000 stake into a newspaper empire, owning all, or controlling interest in 22 newspapers, four radio stations, and three television stations. Most of the newspapers are in New York state. Member of Hobasco Lodge No. 716 of Ithaca, N.Y.; he was a Knight Templar and Shriner. d. Dec. 3, 1957.

James Ganson (1774-1858) Morgan trial defendant. b. in Salem, Mass. He settled in Avon, N.Y. with his father and brother about 1789. He achieved notoriety in 1826 as one of the defendants in the Masonic trials for the abduction of William Morgan, q.v. He was acquitted. He was probably initiated in Genesee Lodge No. 130 at Avon, N.Y. as he is listed in the returns of 1806-12 in both the "initiation" and "quarterages" columns. He is also listed as a member on the

94 James A. Garfield returns of the same lodge, 1812-14. In 1816 he is listed as the charter senior warden of LeRoy Lodge No. 260, LeRoy, Genesee Co., N.Y. His attic once served as a lodge room. Rob Morris states that he was secretary of Western Star Chapter No. 35, R.A.M. of LeRoy when William Morgan was exalted to the Royal Arch degree. He moved to Jackson, Mich. in 1827 or 1828 and died there on May 4, 1858.

Calixto Garcia-Iniguez (1836?-1898) Cuban patriot and lawyer. As a revolutionist, he became a leader in the Ten Years' War against Spain (1868-78), and led the Cuban force at El Caney in the Spanish-American War. In that year he was appointed to represent Cuba in negotiations with the U.S. for Cuban independence. Widely remembered in the U.S. through Elbert Hubbard's inspirational essay A Message to Garcia. Mason.

William Y. Gardiner Governor of Maine, 1929-33. b. June 12, 1892 at Newton, Mass. Graduate of Harvard in 1914. Admitted to Mass. bar in 1917, and Maine bar in 1919; practiced at Augusta. Served in Maine lower house 1921-25. Served in both World Wars. In WWI he was with the 56th Pioneer Infantry, and advanced from private to lieutenant. In WWII he was a major with the U.S. Air Force from 1942-45. Made a Mason March 16, 1920 in Hermon Lodge No. 32, Gardiner, Maine, and is a 33° AASR (NJ).

Frederick D. Gardner (1869-1933) Governor of Missouri 1917-21. b. Nov. 6, 1869 in Hickman, Ky. He moved to St. Louis when 17 years old and was employed by the St. Louis Coffin Co.; he became its owner. It was during his term, that the Missouri State Highway Commission was established as a nonpartisan governmental bureau. He received his degrees in Cornerstone Lodge No. 323 of St. Louis in Jan., Feb. and March, 1891, and March 21, 1893, affiliated with Tuscan Lodge No.360. He was exalted in St. Louis Chapter No. 8, R.A.M., and knighted in Ascalon Commandery No. 16, K.T. in 1892. Also a member of the St. Louis Scottish Rite Consistory and Moolah Shrine Temple. In his will he left substantial amounts to the Masonic Home of Missouri and the Shrine Hospital. d. Dec. 18, 1933.

Henry J. Gardner (1819-1892) Governor of Massachusetts, 1855-1858. Member of Revere Lodge, Boston, Mass. and a Knight Templar. Dimitted Jan. 5, 1869.

William S. Gardner (1827-1888) Masonic writer and historian. He was grand master of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts three terms, and was 8th grand master of the Grand Encampment, Knights Templar. Received 32° AASR (NJ), in 1857, and 33° May 16, 1861. b. Oct. 1, 1827. d. April 4, 1888.

James A. Garfield (1831-1881) Twentieth President of the United States. b. Nov. 19, 1831 in Cuyahoga Co., Ohio. He was a teacher, and head of Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio from 1857-61. At the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, he was a colonel in the Ohio volunteers, rising to brigadier general in 1862, and major general in 1863. From 1863-80 he was a member of the U.S. congress, and Republican leader of the same from 1876. He was elected president in 1880, and inaugurated, March 4, 1881. On July 2, 1881 he was shot, in the Washington railroad station, by Charles J. Guiteau, and died Sept. 19, 1881. He was initiated in Magnolia Lodge No. 20 of Columbus, Ohio, Nov. 22, 1861; passed, Dec. 23, 1861. Owing to war duties, he did not receive the third degree until three years later, when, by request of Magnolia lodge, it was conferred on him by Columbus Lodge No. 30, Nov. 22, 1864. On Oct. 10, 1866, he affiliated with Garrettsville Lodge No. 246, and served as chaplain in 1868-73. Even

95 Giuseppe Garibaldi before he was a member of the latter lodge, he visited them April 26, 1865, and was appointed on a committee to draft resolutions on the death of President Lincoln. His membership remained in Garrettsville lodge until he became a charter member of Pentalpha Lodge No. 23 of Washington, D.C., May 4, 1869. He was one of the petitioners for the charter. He was exalted in Columbia Chapter No. 1, R.A.M. of Washington, D.C., April 18, 1866. On May 18 of the same year, he was knighted in Columbia Commandery No. 2, K.T. of Washington. He was made an honorary member of Hanselmann Commandery No. 16, K.T. of Cincinnati, Ohio, July 19, 1881. He received 4-14° AASR (SJ), Jan. 2, 1872 from Albert Pike, q.v., in Washington. On April 10, 1871 he attended the banquet given in honor of the Earl de Grey and Ripon, q.v., then grand master of the Grand Lodge of England. The banquet was given by the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia. In 1876 he allowed himself to be suspended in the chapter for nonpayment of dues, but was reinstated in 1877. At his inauguration as president, an honor guard of five platoons was appointed by his commandery of Knights Templar (Columbia No. 2), as an escort. On May 20, 1881, he reviewed five commanderies from Mass. and R.I. at the White House, and the following day gave a reception to DeMolay Commandery of Boston, and St. John's No. 1 of Providence, R.I., at the White House. When his body lay in state at the U.S. capitol from Sept. 21-23, Columbia Commandery No. 2 formed part of the guard of honor and escorted his remains from Washington to Cleveland, Ohio. At the funeral, Sept. 26, nearly all the officers of the Grand Commandery of Ohio, 14 commanderies of that state, and eight commanderies from adjacent jurisdictions were present and participated in the funeral cortege. Benjamin Dean, grand master of the Grand Encampment, U.S.A. also was present.

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) Italian liberator and the "George Washington" of Italy. b. July 4, 1807 at Nice, the son of a sailor. He became associated with another Freemason and liberator—Mazzini, q.v., in 1833, joining his secret revolutionary society, Young Italy. An ill-timed plot sent him into exile in France, with a death penalty imposed upon him, in 1834. He fled to South America in 1836, where he first engaged in trade, and then joined the revolt in southern Brazil. Captured, he was tortured and held prisoner for six months. Back in Montevideo, Uruguay, he headed a small army of his own, and was an important factor in the signing of Uruguay's freedom. Hearing that Europe was on the threshold of revolution, Garibaldi sailed for Italy with a picked company of his legion, and landed at Nice in June, 1848. He served in the army of the Roman Republic, and with his red-shirted volunteers amazed Europe with his stubborn defense of Rome in a nine-week siege. When Rome was finally captured, he fled to the U.S. where he became a naturalized citizen. For a year he was employed as a candlemaker on Staten Island, N.Y., and for three years captained trading vessels on the Atlantic and Pacific. By this time his presence in Italy was not feared, and he returned to Genoa in May, 1854, and purchased the island of Caprera, where he built a home. On May 5, 1860 he left Genoa with 1,000 hand picked men known as "red-shirts" and captured Sicily, then, crossing to the mainland of Italy, expelled the anti-Mason, Francis II, q.v., thus defeating the so-called Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. He retired after Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia was named as king of Italy. Thus for the first time, Italy became partially united. Only Rome, in the hands of the French, and

96 David Garrick Venetia, held by the Austrians, stood in the way of Garibaldi's dream of complete independence. Twice he organized expeditions (1862 and 1867) and marched against Rome, and was defeated by regular Italian troops. Twice, he was placed in prison. Venetia was won in 1866, and in 1870, France was compelled to withdraw her garrison from Rome to fight the Prussians. Although Garibaldi had nothing to do with the latter two actions, they fulfilled his life's aim. In 1874 he was elected deputy for Rome in the Italian parliament. He became a member of the Lodge Les Amis de Patrie of Montevideo, Uruguay, about 1844, and when he came to the U.S., affiliated with Tompkins Lodge No. 471, Stapleton, N.Y. In 1860 he became grand master of the grand lodge at Palermo, and in 1867, called a convention to unite all the Italian bodies, but this project was not successful. He was an honorary member of the Egyptian Rite of Memphis. In 1863 he was elected grand commander of the Supreme Council, 33° AASR, in Italy. Garibaldi Lodge No. 542, New York City, was named in his honor. Warranted on June 11, 1864, while Garibaldi was grand master of Italy, he wrote, March 14, 1864, sending the lodge his blessing and good wishes. d. June 21, 1882. The Garibaldi monument erected in Rome had large bronze wreaths superimposed on it, acknowledging him as the grand master of Italy. In the Mussolini period, they were removed, but, in 1956, replaced. Said Garibaldi: "Whenever there is a human cause, we are certain to find Freemasonry, for it is the fundamental basis of all true liberal associations. Thank all of my brethren and tell them that I am always with them with all my heart, and that forever I will pride myself upon my Masonic connection.”

Coast and Geodetic Survey since 1907. b. Sept. 22, 1884 at Bogue, N.C. Was chief of survey party from 1913-23, and commander of the ship Discoverer from 1923-27. He was chief of the service from 1937-45. From 1938-40 he was chairman of the Federal Board of Surveys and Maps. Member of Dawson Lodge No. 16, Washington, D.C.; received 32° AASR (SJ) in Albert Pike Consistory, Washington, May 23, 1922. National Sojourner and member of Heroes of '76.

Alexander C. Garrett (1832-1924) First Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Dallas, Texas. b. Nov. 4, 1832 in Ballymot, Ireland. Graduated from Trinity Coll., Dublin U. in 1855. Ordained deacon in 1856, and priest in 1857. Was curate at East Worldham, Hampshire, England, from 1856-59; and from 1859-69, served as a missionary in British Columbia. He then served as a rector in San Francisco, and dean at Omaha, Nebr. from 1870-74, when, in the latter year, he was elected missionary bishop of Northern Texas, and later of Dallas. Mason and 33° AASR. He was a member of Dallas Lodge No. 760, Dallas, Texas, and served as an officer of the same. d. Feb. 18, 1924.

David Garrick (1717-1779) Regarded as the greatest actor in the history of the English stage. b. Feb. 19, 1717 in Hereford, England, of Huguenot descent, he met Samuel Johnson, q.v., while a student at Lichfield grammar school and became his first pupil at Edial. In 1737 he accompanied Johnson to London, where he made his reputation by acting in Richard III, Oct. 19, 1741. His success continued in other Shakespearean plays and he became co-manager of Drury Lane Theatre in 1747. Amassing a fortune, he retired to Hampton in 1776. He enjoyed the friendship of Dr. Johnson and his circle of distinguished persons of that day. A Mason, he is thought to have belonged to St. Paul's Lodge No. 194. This lodge has

97 James P. Garrick a snuff box which, the old minutes state, "replaces one presented to the lodge by Bro. David Garrick." d. Jan. 20, 1779.

James P. Garrick (1875-?) President of Morris College (S.C.) from 1939. b. Aug. 7, 1875 at Weston, S.C. Teacher, and Baptist minister, serving several S.C. pastorates. Mason. Deceased.

Stuart Garson Former Minister of Justice of Canada and Premier of Manitoba. b. Dec. 1, 1898 at St. Catharines, Ont. Law graduate of U. of Manitoba in 1918. He was elected to the Manitoba legislature five times, serving from 1927-48. In 1936 he was appointed treasurer of Manitoba, and in 1941, minister in charge of Manitoba Power Commission. He was sworn in as premier of Manitoba in 1943, and resigned in 1948. He became minister of Justice in St. Laurent's cabinet in that year. Mason.

Schuyler E. Garth (1898-1947) Methodist Bishop. b. Sept. 1, 1898 at Saffordville, Kans. Graduate of Baker U., Garrett Biblical Inst., and Ohio Wesleyan U. Ordained Methodist minister in 1920, serving churches in Kansas, Illinois, Florida, Pa., and Ohio. He was consecrated a bishop in 1944, and assigned to the Wisconsin area. He was later assigned, with his wife, to make a survey of the Chinese mission field. He was killed in an airplane crash near Hankow, China, Jan. 28, 1947, and buried in the International Cemetery near that city. Mason.

Will M. Garton (1875-1946) Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy. b. Oct. 31, 1875 at Des Moines, Ia. A physician, he received his M.D. from the U. of Iowa in 1896, and was commissioned an ensign in the Navy in 1898, advancing through grades to rear admiral in 1930, retiring in 1939. He served in the Spanish-American War, Mexican Border, World War I, and Haitian and Dominican campaigns. Mason, 32° AASR, and Shriner. d. June 7, 1946.

Frank B. Gary (1860-1922) U.S. Senator from South Carolina, 1908-09. b. March 9, 1860 at Cokesbury, S.C. He was admitted to the bar in 1881, and practiced at Abbeville, S.C. He was a member of the lower house of his state from 1890-1900, and again in 1906, serving as speaker five years. He was a member of the constitutional convention of 1895. Mason, and potentate of Oasis Shrine Temple in Charlotte, N.C. d. Dec. 7, 1922. His father, Franklin F. Gary, q.v., was grand high priest of the Grand Chapter of S.C. in 1880.

Franklin F. Gary (1829-1897) Surgeon in the Confederate army and grand high priest of the Grand Chapter, R.A.M. of S.C. in 1880. His son, Frank B. Gary, q.v., was U.S. Senator from S.C. b. Nov. 4, 1829 at Cokes-bury, S.C., he was a member of state legislature several terms. He served as president of the S.C. Medical Society and was chairman of the state board of health for many years. He was elected a delegate to the Medical Congress of the World at Geneva, Switzerland, but died on Dec. 31, 1897 before it convened.

Hunter L. Gary (1884-1946) Telephone company executive. b. May 27, 1884 in Macon, Mo. He was a partner of Theodore Gary & Partners, N.Y. He was also president and director of the Nemo Corp.; Adaven Corp; National Service, Inc.; Nevada Trust Co.; Natser Corp. (all of Reno, Nev.) and the Gary-Loomis Co. and Walnuts Residence Co. of Kansas City, Mo. He was chairman of the board of Associated Telephone & Telegraph Co. of Wilmington, Del., and vice president of the Anglo-Canadian Telephone Co. (Montreal); Compania Dominican de Telefonos (Dominican Republic). His chairmanships included Theodore Gary & Co. (Kansas City); York In-

911 Horatio Gales vestment Co.; Allied Syndicate, Inc.; General and Telephone Investment, Inc. (of Wilmington). He was a director in many other companies. Member of Censer Lodge No. 172, Macon, Mo. Exalted in Macon Chapter No. 22 April 17, 1907; knighted in Emanuel Commandery No. 7, K.T., May 21, 1909, both of Macon, Mo. withdrew from chapter Jan. 21, 1915, and cornmandery, March 22, 1915. d. Nov. 30, 1946.

J. Vaughn Gary U.S. Congressman, 79th to 81st Congresses (194551) from 3rd Va. dist. b. Feb. 25, 1892 at Richmond, Va. Graduate of U. of Richmond in 1912 and 1915. A lawyer, he first taught school. He served as counsel on the Virginia Tax Board, and later was secretary of the National Agricultural Advisory Commission in Washington. He served in the lower house of Virginia (1926-33). Raised June 14, 1918 in St. Johns Lodge No. 36, Richmond, Va. and was master of same in 1926. 18° AASR (SJ) .

Allard H. Gasque (1873-1938) U.S. Congressman, 68th to 75th Congresses (1923-39) from 6th S.C. dist. b. March 8, 1873 in Florence Co., S.C. Graduate of U. of South Carolina. He taught in the public schools and served as county superintendent of Florence Co. Died in office, June 17, 1938. Mason.

Percy L. Gassaway (1885-1937) U.S. Congressman to 74th Congress (1935-36) from 4th Okla. dist. b. Aug. 30, 1885 at Waco, Texas, moving into Indian Territory (Oklahoma) early in life. Admitted to bar in 1919, he was a district judge from 1926-34. Mason. d. May 15, 1937.

Cadet de Gassicourt A Parisian apothecary, who, in 1796, wrote a work against the Masonic fraternity. However, he later acknowledged that he had written something he knew nothing about, and in 1805, was initiated in the Lodge l'Abeille at Paris and became its master.

John Gaston Grand Duke of Tuscany. An anti-Mason, he inaugurated a persecution against the Freemasons in his dominions in 1737.

William Gaston (1820-1894) Governor of Massachusetts, 1875-76. b. Oct 3, 1820 in South Killingly, Conn. Graduate of Brown U. in 1840 and began law practice in Roxbury, Mass. in 1846. He served as mayor of Roxbury, and also mayor of Boston. He was a member of the Mass, legislature and also a state senator. He was raised in Washington Lodge, Roxbury, June 7, 1855. d. Jan. 19, 1894.

Thomas L. Gatch Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy and hero of WWII when, as captain of the battleship South. Dakota, his ship downed 32 Japanese planes in one battle in the Solomon. He is a member of Pacific Lodge No, 50, Salem, Oreg. His grandfather was grand master of the Grand Lodge of Oregon in 1873.

Floyd B. Gates Midget, 49 inches high and weighed 60 pounds. He was past master of James E. Dillon Lodge No. 466 at Mesick, Mich. and was frequently hailed as the "smallest past master in the world.”

Horatio Gates (1728-1806) Major General of Continental Army in American Revolution. b. in Maldon. England. He entered the British army and joined Braddock's army in Virginia in 1755, and was wounded at Monongahela. In 1760 he was a brigade-major under Moncton at Fort Pitt, and was his aide in 1762 at the capture of Martinique. In 1772 at the invitation of Washington, he took up land in Virginia and settled down to develop it. When the Revolution broke out, he sided with the colonies and was appointed an adjutant-genera with the rank of brigadier, by con gress in July, 1775. The next year hi was made major general and place in command of the northern army tha had been commanded by Arnold

99 John H. Gates Wooster, Montgomery, and Sullivan. He was at Fort Ticonderoga for the next two years and received credit for the success in repulsing Burgoyne's army from the north, although Schuyler and Benedict Arnold, q.v., were responsible for the defense. In fact he was later charged with cowardice at this action. At this juncture his friends formed the noted Conway Cabal to place him as commander-inchief instead of Washington. It failed, and in 1780, he lost the disastrous battle of Camden, S.C. for which he was relieved of his command; he returned to his plantation. He asked official inquiry into his conduct at the battle of Camden, but it was 1782 before congress got around to acquitting him. He served loyally under Washington for the remainder of the war. His wealthy wife spent most of her fortune on the cause of the colonies, and nursed the patriot Thaddeus Kosciusko for six months in her home, after he was wounded. Gates was probably a member of a regimental lodge at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, Canada. There was an active regimental lodge there between 1738 and 1755, with the Philipp's or 40th Foot. Practically all the officers of the regiment were members. On Dec. 18, 1778 the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts invited "the Hon'bl General Gates and such of his family who are Masons, be waited upon and invited to dine at the Feast (St. John's Day). The minutes of St. John's Day (Dec. 28) that followed show Gates was present. d. April 10, 1806.

John H. Gates (1865-1927) Judge, Supreme Court of South Dakota. b. Oct. 26, 1865 at Waterloo, Ia. Graduate of State U. of Iowa in 1888. Admitted to bar in 1890, and practiced at Sioux Falls, S.D. He was an associate judge of the supreme court of South Dakota from 1913, serving as presiding judge in 1917, 1920, and 1926. Member of Minnehaha Lodge No. 5, of Sioux Falls, S.D., receiving degrees, Sept. 17, Nov. 16 and Dec. 17, 1904; served in lodge line from 1905 until he was master in 1909. d. Nov. 8, 1927.

Ralph F. Gates Former Governor of Indiana. b. Feb. 24, 1893 at Columbia City, Ind. He is a member of Columbia City Lodge No. 189, receiving his degrees June 3, June 17, and July 1, 1935. Now practices law at Columbia City.

Richard J. Gatling (1818-1903) Inventor of the "Gatling Gun," the World's first practical repeating guns which changed the tactics of warfare throughout the world. b. Sept. 12, 1818 in Hertford Co., N.C. As a boy he assisted his father in perfecting a machine for sowing cottonseed, and another for thinning cotton plants. He subsequently invented and patented a machine for sowing rice, and when he moved to St. Louis in 1844, adapted it to drilling wheat. Although he studied medicine, he never practiced as a physician. He conceived the idea of his revolving battery gun in 1861. The first was made at Indianapolis in 1862. Twelve were later manufactured and used by General Butler on the James River, Va. In 1865, he further improved his invention, and it was adopted by the U.S. army. It was also made in Austria and England and used by several European governments. The first gun fired about 250 rounds per minute, but later improvements with a motor drive raised it to 3,000 rounds per minute. He was a member of Center Lodge No. 23, Indianapolis, Ind. d. Feb. 26, 1903.

Ga-wa-so-wa-neh (See under Dr. Arthur C. Parker.) Edward K. Gaylord Newspaper editor. b. March 5, 1873 at Muscotah, Kans. Began as clerk of district court at Colorado Springs, Colo. in 1897 and went with the Colorado Springs Telegraph in 1901. In 1902 he was business

100 John Geddes manager of the ,St. Joseph (Mo.) Gazette. Since 1903 he has been general manager of the Daily Oklahoman, Oklahoma City Times, and Oklahoma Farmer-Stockman. He has been president of the Oklahoma Publishing Co. since 1918. He has been a director of the Associated Press, and president of several firms, including radio and real estate companies. In 1918 he was a member of the commission to construct the Oklahoma state capitol. Mason.

Frank R. Gaynor (1852-1920) Judge, Supreme Court of Iowa, 191220. b. Sept 2, 1852 in Hamilton, Ont., Canada, and brought to U.S. at age of three. Graduate of State U. of Iowa in 1877, and practiced in Marshalltown and LeMars, Iowa. Mason. Died, 1920.

John H. Gear (1825-1900) U.S. Senator and Governor of Iowa. b. April 7, 1825 at Ithaca, N.Y. He moved to Galena, Ill. in 1836, and then to Fort Snelling, Iowa Territory in 1838. In 1843 he moved to Burlington, and was mayor of that city in 1863. He was in the state legislature six years, and speaker four years. He was governor of Iowa from 1878-82, and a member of the U.S. congress from 1887-91, and again from 1893-95. From 1892-93 he was assistant secretary of the U.S. treasury. Elected as U.S. Senator in 1894, he served until his death in 1900. Member of Des Moines Lodge No. 1, Burlington, Iowa.